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Structure and photo-induced effects in elemental chalcogens: a review on Raman scattering

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Abstract

Much progress has been made over a long period, spanning more than a century, in understanding the atomic arrangement on various length scales of non-crystalline chalcogens and their transitions upon certain external stimuli. However, it is broadly admitted that there are still several unsettled issues that call for proper rationalization. The current review presents an assessment of Raman scattering studies of non-crystalline phases of elemental chalcogens and their mixtures. First, a few remarks on the analysis of Raman data related to polarization details and spectra reduction are presented. The effect of temperature, pressure, and irradiation on the structure of chalcogens is reviewed in detail. As only selenium can form a stable glass at ambient conditions, the interest on sulfur and tellurium has been placed in the melt and the amorphous phase, respectively, whereas reference is also made to the sporadic structural studies of glassy sulfur at low temperatures. It is shown how Raman scattering can be exploited to explore unique phenomena emerging in the liquid state of sulfur, offering valuable information on the details of λ-transition including various thermodynamic-related properties. The subtle nature of this transition in selenium is also discussed. Tellurium is not only impossible to be prepared in the bulk glassy state, but also forms a very liable to crystallization amorphous film. Therefore, apart from the melt, the emphasis is placed on light-induced nanostructuring and effects related to photo-amorphization and photo-oxidation.

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Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Reprinted from [A. G. Kalampounias, K. S. Andrikopoulos, S. N. Yannopoulos, J. Chem. Phys. 118, 8460–8467 (2003)], with the permission of AIP Publishing

Fig. 3

Reprinted from [A. G. Kalampounias, K. S. Andrikopoulos, S. N. Yannopoulos, J. Chem. Phys. 118, 8460–8467 (2003)], with the permission of AIP Publishing

Fig. 4

Reprinted from [K. S. Andrikopoulos, A. Kalampounias, O. Falagara, S. N. Yannopoulos, J. Chem. Phys. 139, 124,501 (2013)], with the permission of AIP Publishing

Fig. 5

Reprinted from [K. S. Andrikopoulos, A. Kalampounias, O. Falagara, S. N. Yannopoulos, J. Chem. Phys. 139, 124501 (2013)], with the permission of AIP Publishing

Fig. 6

[K. S. Andrikopoulos, A. G. Kalampounias, S. N. Yannopoulos, Soft Matter 7, 3404–3411 (2011)]—Reproduced by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry

Fig. 7

[K. S. Andrikopoulos, A. G. Kalampounias, S. N. Yannopoulos, Soft Matter 7, 3404–3411 (2011)]—Reproduced by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry

Fig. 8

Reprinted (Figs. 1, 2) with permission from [K. S. Andrikopoulos, A. G. Kalampounias, S. N. Yannopoulos, Phys. Rev. B 72, 014203 (2005).] Copyright (2005) by the American Physical Society

Fig. 9

Reprinted (Figs. 4, 5) with permission from [K. S. Andrikopoulos, A. G. Kalampounias, S. N. Yannopoulos, Phys. Rev. B 72, 014,203 (2005).] Copyright (2005) by the American Physical Society

Fig. 10

Adapted from Ref. [77]. b Polarized (HH) and depolarized (HV) Raman spectra of bulk glassy Se recorded at 9.8 K using the 799.3 nm as the excitation source. Reprinted from Ref. [76]. Copyright © 1976 Published by Elsevier Ltd

Fig. 11

Adapted from Ref. [79]. Copyright © 1981 Published by Elsevier Ltd

Fig. 12

Reprinted from [S.N. Yannopoulos, K. S. Andrikopoulos, J. Chem. Phys. 121, 4747–4758 (2004)], with the permission of AIP Publishing

Fig. 13

Reprinted (Figs. 2, 3) with permission from [S.N. Yannopoulos, K. S. Andrikopoulos, Phys. Rev. B 69, 144206] Copyright (2004) by the American Physical Society

Fig. 14

Copyright © 2011, Springer Nature. b Temperature dependence of the “hydrodynamic: radius of Se cluster in the supercooled and molten state. Reprinted from Ref. [92]. Copyright © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Fig. 15

Copyright © 1972 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. c Schematic representation of the atomic motion of the optic modes of the trigonal chain. A1: symmetric breathing mode. A2: rigid chain rotation. E (upper): asymmetric stretching. E (bottom): intrachain rotation

Fig. 16
Fig. 17

Articles under CC BY 4.0 © [1994] The Author(s). Originally published in J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 63, (1994), Quasielastic and Inelastic Neutron Scatterings of Liquid Tellurium, https://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.63.3200

Fig. 18

Reprinted with permission from (H. Ikemoto, A. Goyo, T. Miyanaga, Size Dependence of the Local Structure and Atomic Correlations in Tellurium Nanoparticles, J. Phys. Chem. C 115, 2931–2937). Copyright © (2011) American Chemical Society. b Comparison between the Raman spectra of bulk t-Te and Te nanoparticles. Adapted by permission: [Springer Nature] [J. Nanopart. Res. (Synthesis of t-Te and a-Se nanospheres using continuous wave visible light, 21(10): art.no.218 (2019).)] Copyright © 2019, Springer Nature

Fig. 19

Adapted with permission from (Structure and Chemical Order in S–Se Binary Glasses, B. Yuan, et al., J. Phys. Chem. B (2018) 122(50), 12219–12226). Copyright © (2018), American Chemical Society

Fig. 20

Adapted with permission from (Molecular structure of dilute vitreous selenium-sulfur and selenium-tellurium alloys, A. T. Ward, J. Phys. Chem. (1970) 74(23), 4110–4115). Copyright © (1970), American Chemical Society. b Raman spectra of binary SexTe1‐x glasses; top: 0.8 ≤ x ≤ 1.0, bottom: 0.5 ≤ x ≤ 0.8. Reprinted from Ref. [135]. © 2018 The American Ceramic Society

Fig. 21

Adapted from Ref. [141]

Fig. 22

Adapted from Ref. [155]. Rights managed by AIP Publishing

Fig. 23

Adapted from Ref. [156]. Copyright © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Fig. 24

Adapted by permission: [Springer Nature] [Sci. Rep. (Laser-assisted growth of t-Te nanotubes and their controlled photo-induced unzipping to ultrathin core-Te/sheath-TeO2 nanowires, 3: art. no.1209 (2013)]

Fig. 25

Adapted from Ref. [100]. Rights managed by AIP Publishing

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Acknowledgements

I want to thank a number of colleagues whose collaboration over the past several years has been instrumental in conducting systematic research on elemental chalcogens. Therefore, I wish to acknowledge collaboration to Dr. K. S. Andrikopoulos, Dr. D. Th. Kastrissios, Dr. A. Kalampounias, Prof. A. Chrissanthopoulos, and Prof. G. N. Papatheodorou. Finally, I want to thank Ms. M. Perivolari for managing the copyrighted material presented herein. This work was supported by the project "National Infrastructure in Nanotechnology, Advanced Materials and Micro-/ Nanoelectronics" (MIS 5002772) which is implemented under the Action “Reinforcement of the Research and Innovation Infrastructure”, funded by the Operational Program "Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation" (NSRF 2014-2020) and co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund).

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    Spyros N. Yannopoulos

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Yannopoulos, S.N. Structure and photo-induced effects in elemental chalcogens: a review on Raman scattering. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 31, 7565–7595 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-03310-0

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