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Effect of Pd and Cu co-catalyst on the charge carrier trapping, recombination and transfer during photocatalytic hydrogen evolution over WO3–TiO2 heterojunction

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Abstract

Co-catalysts are well known for improving the charge carrier’s separation and transfer to species in solution, and hence, the photocatalytic hydrogen production. Thus, in this work, the effect of loading Cu and Pd species over the WO3–TiO2 structure was evaluated. The structure of WO3–TiO2 was obtained by direct hydrolysis of titanium isopropoxide (sol–gel method) in previously synthesized WO3 nanoparticles (6 mol% of WO3), forming a composite that provided direct contact between WO3 and TiO2 nanoparticles. Subsequently, 0.5 wt% of copper or 0.5 wt% of palladium loadings was deposited onto WO3–TiO2. The photocatalytic hydrogen production results show that the activity increased with the presence of Cu and Pd species, reaching hydrogen production rates of 1496 μmol g−1 h−1 and 5427.07 μmol g−1 h−1 for Cu/WT and Pd/WT, respectively, as compared to WT structure (770.10 μmol g−1 h−1). To understand this behavior, semiconducting properties of the synthesized materials were characterized by (photo)electrochemical techniques. The presence of Cu and Pd in the structure moved the flatband position, increased the photocurrent and modified the open circuit potential under illumination toward less negative values, indicating the formation of energy states in the interface between WO3–TiO2 and the co-catalysts. These energy states at the heterojunction allow the transfer of photogenerated electrons toward co-catalysts, preventing the recombination of photogenerated charge carriers.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the financial support provided by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) through the CB-18269 Grant and Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico-UNAM through the PAPIIT IN103719 Grant. We also thank the Laboratorio Universitario de Caracterización Espectroscópica (LUCE-UNAM) and the Laboratorio Universitario de Nanotecnología Ambiental (LUNA-UNAM) and the technical support provided by Viridiana Maturano Rojas and Selene Islas Sánchez. David A. Ramírez Ortega (CVU 329398) thanks CONACYT postdoctoral Grant.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico

    David Ramírez-Ortega & Rodolfo Zanella

  2. CONACYT-Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Departamento de Química, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 156, 09340, Mexico City, Mexico

    Diana Guerrero-Araque

  3. CONACYT-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CICATA Legaria, 11500, Mexico City, Mexico

    Próspero Acevedo-Peña

  4. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnología, Zacatenco, Mexico City, Mexico

    Luis Lartundo-Rojas

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Ramírez-Ortega, D., Guerrero-Araque, D., Acevedo-Peña, P. et al. Effect of Pd and Cu co-catalyst on the charge carrier trapping, recombination and transfer during photocatalytic hydrogen evolution over WO3–TiO2 heterojunction. J Mater Sci 55, 16641–16658 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05188-z

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