Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Preparation of cellulose nanocrystal/oxidized dextran/gelatin (CNC/OD/GEL) hydrogels and fabrication of a CNC/OD/GEL scaffold by 3D printing

  • Polymers & biopolymers
  • Published:
Journal of Materials Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Early reports have demonstrated the feasibility of oxidized dextran/gelatin (OD/GEL) hydrogel for tissue engineering applications and the printability of OD/GEL hydrogel for 3D printing scaffolds, but adequate insight into fabricated OD/GEL scaffolds is lacking. In the present study, we prepared (cellulose nanocrystal) CNC/OD/GEL hydrogels and fabricated CNC/OD/GEL scaffolds by 3D printing. The properties of CNC/OD/GEL hydrogels were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The process of 3D printing of hydrogels was optimized, and the influence of the OD and CNC contents on the printability of CNC/OD/GEL hydrogels was investigated by studying the width of the printed filaments. The uniaxial compression test was performed to study the effects of the OD and CNC contents on the breaking strength and elastic modulus of CNC/OD/GEL scaffolds. In addition, the uniaxial compression test was also performed to determine the optimum mass ratio and crosslinking time of OD and GEL. The effects of the CNC content on scaffold shrinkage, scaffold swelling and scaffold porosity were further studied. The biocompatibility of a CNC0.4OD2G2 scaffold was also investigated by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and Hoechst 33342/PI double-staining assays. Collectively, the results confirmed the good potential of the CNC/OD/GEL hydrogels as 3D bioink for application in tissue repair.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure 12
Figure 13
Figure 14

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Wang YE, Li XP, Li CC, Yang MM, Wei QH (2015) Binder droplet impact mechanism on a hydroxyapatite microsphere surface in 3D printing of bone scaffolds. J Mater Sci 50(14):5014–5023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-9050-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Li J, Wang L, Dai L, Zhong L, Liu B, Ren J, Xu Y (2018) Synthesis and characterization of reinforced acrylate photosensitive resin by 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-functionalized graphene nanosheets for 3D printing. J Mater Sci 53(3):1874–1886. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1432-8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Jiang YN, Zhou JP, Yang Z et al (2018) Dialdehyde cellulose nanocrystal/gelatin hydrogel optimized for 3D printing applications. J Mater Sci 53(16):11883–11900. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-2407-0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Ng WL, Chua CK, Shen YF (2019) Print me an organ! Why we are not there yet. Prog Polym Sci 97:10114501–10114545

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Sweeney M, Campbell LL, Hanson J, Pantoya ML, Christopher GF (2017) Characterizing the feasibility of processing wet granular materials to improve rheology for 3D printing. J Mater Sci 52(22):13040–13053. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1404-z

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. He Y, Yang FF, Zhao HM, Gao Q, Xia B, Fu JZ (2016) Research on the printability of hydrogels in 3d bioprinting. Sci Rep 6(6):29977–29986

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Inzana JA, Diana O, Fuller SM et al (2014) 3D printing of composite calcium phosphate and collagen scaffolds for bone regeneration. Biomaterials 35(13):4026–4034

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Xu Y, Wang X (2015) Fluid and cell behaviors along a 3D printed alginate/gelatin/fibrin channel. Biotechnol Bioeng 112(8):1683–1695

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Ouyang L, Highley CB, Rodell CB, Sun W, Burdick JA (2016) 3D printing of shear-thinning hyaluronic acid hydrogels with secondary cross-linking. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2(10):1743–1751

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Strobel HA, Calamari EL, Alphonse B, Hookway TA, Rolle MW (2018) Fabrication of custom agarose wells for cell seeding and tissue ring self-assembly using 3D-printed molds. Jove-J Vis Exp 134:56616–56625

    Google Scholar 

  11. Ng WL, Yeong WY, Naing MW (2016) Polyelectrolyte gelatin-chitosan hydrogel optimized for 3D bioprinting in skin tissue engineering. Int J Bioprinting 2(1):53–62

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Xiong S (2015) Degradation of silk fibroin and the application of 3D-printed bio-inducible scaffold in skin tissue engineering. Master Dissertation, Zhejiang A&F University, pp 15–24

  13. Du Z, Li N, Hua Y, Shi Y, Bao C, Zhang H, Yang Y, Lin Q, Zhu L (2017) Physiological pH-dependent gelation for 3D printing based on the phase separation of gelatin and oxidized dextran. Chem Commun 53(97):13023–13026

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Peppas NA, Hilt JZ, Khademhosseini A, Langer R (2010) Hydrogels in biology and medicine: from molecular principles to bionanotechnology. Adv Mater 18(11):1345–1360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Kim YB, Lee H, Kim GH (1944) Strategy to achieve highly porous/biocompatible macroscale cell blocks, using a collagen/genipin-bioink and an optimal 3D printing process. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8(47):32230–32240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Murphy CA, Collins MN (2016) Microcrystalline cellulose reinforced polylactic acid biocomposite filaments for 3D printing. Polym Compos 39(4):1311–1320

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Nguyen D, Hägg DA, Forsman A (2017) Cartilage tissue engineering by the 3D bioprinting of iPS cells in a nanocellulose/alginate bioink. Sci Rep 7(1):658–667

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Sawkins MJ, Mistry P, Brown BN, Shakesheff KM, Bonassar LJ, Yang J (2015) Cell and protein compatible 3D bioprinting of mechanically strong constructs for bone repair. Biofabrication 7(3):03500401–03500411

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Inci I, Kirsebom H, Galaev IY, Bo M, Piskin E (2013) Gelatin cryogels crosslinked with oxidized dextran and containing freshly formed hydroxyapatite as potential bone tissue-engineering scaffolds. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 7(7):584–588

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Geng XH, Yuan L, Mo XM (2013) Oxidized dextran/amino gelatin/hyaluronic acid semi-interpenetrating network hydrogels for tissue engineering application. Adv Mater Res 627:745–750

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Lee JM, Ng WL, Yeong WY (2019) Resolution and shape in bioprinting: strategizing towards complex tissue and organ printing. Appl Phys Rev 6:01130701–01130716

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Jiang Y, Zhou J, Zhang Q, Zhao G, Heng L, Chen D, Liu D (2017) Preparation of cellulose nanocrystals from Humulus japonicus stem and the influence of high temperature pretreatment. Carbohyd Polym 164:284–293

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Sain M, Panthapulakkal S (2006) Bioprocess preparation of wheat straw fibers and their characterization. Ind Crops Prod 23(1):1–8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Means GE (1977) Reductive alkylation of amino groups. Methods Enzymol 47(6):469–478

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Wei J (2016) Study on preparation of nanocellulose/PNIPAm composite hydrogels and PNIPAm-based composite nanogels with Ag. Master Dissertation, Zhejiang A&F University, pp 26–34

  26. Pietrucha K, Safandowska M (2015) Dialdehyde cellulose-crosslinked collagen and its physicochemical properties. Process Biochem 50(12):2105–2111

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Lu T, Li Q, Chen W, Yu H (2014) Composite aerogels based on dialdehyde nanocellulose and collagen for potential applications as wound dressing and tissue engineering scaffold. Compos Sci Technol 94(4):132–138

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Kozyrev SV, Volovich IV (2012) The arrhenius formula in kinetic theory and Witten’s spectral asymptotics. J Phys A: Math Theor 44(21):21520201–21520210

    Google Scholar 

  29. Truhlar DG, Garrett BC (1980) Variational transition state theory. ACC Chem Res 35(3):159–189

    Google Scholar 

  30. Patenaude M, Campbell S, Kinio D, Hoare T (2014) Tuning gelation time and morphology of injectable hydrogels using ketone-hydrazide cross-linking. Biomacromol 15(3):781–790

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Cheng J, Lin F, Liu H, Yan Y, Wang X, Zhang R, Xiong Z (2008) Rheological properties of cell-hydrogel composites extruding through small-diameter tips. J Manuf Sci Eng 130(2):0210141–0210145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Li H, Liu S, Li L (2016) Rheological study on 3D printability of alginate hydrogel and effect of graphene oxide. Int J Bioprinting 2(2):54–66

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Zhang X, Yang Y, Yao J, Shao Z, Xin C (2014) Strong collagen hydrogels by oxidized dextran modification. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2(5):1318–1324

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Zhang W, Ullah I, Shi L, Zhang Y, Ou H, Zhou J, Li W (2019) Fabrication and characterization of porous polycaprolactone scaffold via extrusion-based cryogenic 3D printing for tissue engineering. Mater Des 180:10794601–10794610

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Wang QQ, Sun JZ, Yao Q, Ji CC, Liu J, Zhu QQ (2018) 3D printing with cellulose materials. Cellulose 25(8):4275–4301

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Jiang Y, Zhou J, Xv X, Liu D, Yang Z, Zhang Q, Shi H (2018) Preparation of cellulose nanofiber-reinforced gelatin hydrogel and optimization for 3D printing applications. BioResources 13(3):5909–5924

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Pal N, Dubey P, Gopinath P, Pal K (2016) Combined effect of cellulose nanocrystal and reduced graphene oxide into poly-lactic acid matrix nanocomposite as a scaffold and its anti-bacterial activity. Int J Biol Macromol 95(4):94–105

    Google Scholar 

  38. Zhang L, Yang W, Tao K et al (2017) Sustained local release of NGF from a chitosan-sericin composite scaffold for treating chronic nerve compression. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9(4):3432–3444

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Yangzhou (YZ201976), the Top Talents Support Program of Yangzhou University, the City and University Cooperation Project and the Natural Science Foundation of China (81770018).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, No. 196 West Huayang Road, Yangzhou, China

    Yani Jiang, Jiping Zhou & Qi Zhang

  2. Medical College of Yangzhou University, No. 11 Huaihai Road, Yangzhou, China

    Hongcan Shi

  3. College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, No. 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, China

    Guoqi zhao, Cheng Feng & Xiaodong Xv

Authors
  1. Yani Jiang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jiping Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hongcan Shi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Guoqi zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Qi Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Cheng Feng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Xiaodong Xv
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jiping Zhou.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Jiang, Y., Zhou, J., Shi, H. et al. Preparation of cellulose nanocrystal/oxidized dextran/gelatin (CNC/OD/GEL) hydrogels and fabrication of a CNC/OD/GEL scaffold by 3D printing. J Mater Sci 55, 2618–2635 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-04186-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-04186-0

Search

Navigation