Abstract
Tropical dry forests are among the most diverse and threatened habitats in the world, yet they are rarely protected and remain poorly studied. In Brazil, dry forests are naturally fragmented and embedded within various biomes, thus making it important to assess biotic homogeneity among geographically separated forest fragments. We sampled 7732 individuals belonging to 48 species to quantify the diversity of fruit-feeding butterfly communities at four Brazilian dry forest sites, and found differences in community structure between northern and central sites. Species richness per plot was the same in both areas, but abundance per plot was higher in northern sites. Species composition differed between sites mostly due to species of Satyrinae. Additive partitioning showed that beta diversity corresponded to 70.1% of all diversity. Rather than species loss, beta diversity primarily represented species turnover that was potentially driven by differences in the surrounding habitats. Butterfly community composition and abundance were influenced by vegetation where abundance increased with tree density and basal area, and decreased with the average tree height. Butterfly species richness and abundance were higher in the wet season than in the dry season, and all species sampled in the dry season were present in the wet season. Differences in community structure across relatively short geographic distances in the same type of habitat highlight the importance of conserving tropical dry forest fragments to ensure the maintenance of butterfly diversity and, presumably, other insects.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank Isabela Oliveira, Fabiola Ladeira, Ana Carolina Pires, and André Aroeira for help during fieldwork; Luiz Eduardo Reis and Luiz Falcão for helping in the logistic, Geanne Pereira and Vanessa Diniz for helping with the organization of the butterflies; Eric Pereira and Gabriela Duarte for helping with the map; André Victor L Freitas and Eduardo Barbosa for helping the butterfly identification. We gratefully acknowledge the staff of the Instituto Estadual de Florestas (IEF-MG) and Instituto Chico Mendes (ICMBIO), for allowing us to stay and work in the parks, and for logistical support. We thank the grants from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq; Grant No. 563304/2010-3), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG; Grant Nos. CRA-APQ-04738-10, CRA-APQ 00001-11) and the Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI-CRN II-021). MVB acknowledges a research scholarship from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). This study was in partial fulfillment of requirements for a PhD degree to MVB at the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.
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Supplementary material 1 T1 Species list and abundance of fruit-feeding butterflies sampled in dry forest habitats in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Northern sites: Lagoa do Cajueiro, Jaíba, Serra Azul. Central site: Serra do Cipó. Subfamily abundances are indicated in boldface. (DOCX 79 KB)
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Supplementary material 2 F1 NMDS plot showing similarity of butterfly species composition per area. The clear separation of the northern and central site communities redirected subsequent analyses to a regional level (instead of a local level). (TIFF 9134 KB)
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Beirão, M.V., Neves, F.S., Penz, C.M. et al. High butterfly beta diversity between Brazilian cerrado and cerrado–caatinga transition zones. J Insect Conserv 21, 849–860 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-017-0024-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-017-0024-x