Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

The effects of reform: Have teachers really lost their sense of professionalism?

  • Published:
Journal of Educational Change Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this article, we reflect upon what research and other evidence tells us about the effects of many years of sustained, centrally initiated government reforms upon teachers’ work, lives and effectiveness. It is important to note that whilst the general intentions of school reform are almost always to improve standards of teaching, learning and achievement in increasingly unstable and turbulent economic and socially fragmented environments, their singular and cumulative effects are not always perceived to be efficacious or beneficial by those whose responsibility it is to enact them. In other words, reform may not always lead to renewal. As we approach the end of the first decade of this century, then, it is important to take stock of what, in some countries, have been 20 years of root and branch reform in schools, in pre-service teacher training (aka education) and in teachers’ conditions of work. Whilst the specifics of reform efforts differ in pace and in the ways they are managed in different countries, the general direction is the same.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Apple, M. W. (1986). Teachers and texts. A political economy of class and gender relations in education. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Apple, M. (1987) Mandating computers: The impact of the new technology on the labour process, students and teachers. In S. Walker & L. Barton (Eds.), Changing policies, changing teachers: New directions for schooling? (pp. 75–95). Milton Keynes: Open University Press.

  • Audit Commission and OFSTED (2002) Recruitment and retention of teachers and headteachers: Strategies adopted by LEAs [HMI 709]. London: OFSTED.

  • Ball, S. J. (2000). Performativities and fabrications in the education economy: Towards the performative state. The Australian Educational Researcher, 27(2), 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball, S. J. (2001). Labour, learning and the economy: A ‘policy sociology’ perspective. In M. Fielding (Ed.), Taking education really seriously: Four years hard labour (pp. 45–56). London: RoutledgeFalmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball, S. J. (2003). The teacher’s soul and the terrors of performativity. Journal of Education Policy, 18(2), 215–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barber, M. (2001). High expectations and standards for all, no matter what: Creating a world class education service in England. In M. Fielding (Ed.), Taking education really seriously: Four years hard labour (pp. 17–42). London: RoutledgeFalmer.

  • Bingham, C. (1991). Teachers’ terms and conditions: A view from the schools. In G. Grace & M. Lawn (Eds.), Teacher supply and teacher quality: Issues for the 1990s (pp. 47–53). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1990). The logic of practice. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1998). Acts of resistance: Against the new myths of our time. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braverman, H. (1974). Labour and monopoly capital: The degradation of work in the twentieth century. London: Monthly Review Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brennan, M. (1996). Multiple professionalisms for Australian teachers in an important age. New York: American Educational Research Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Day, C. (1997). Teachers in the twenty-first century: Time to renew the vision. In A. Hargreaves & R. Evans (Eds.), Beyond educational reform. Bringing teachers back in (pp. 44–61). Buckingham: Open University Press.

  • Day, C. (2000). Stories of change and professional development: The costs of commitment. In C. Day, A. Fernandez, T. E. Hauge, & J. Møller (Eds.), The life and work of teachers (pp. 109–129). London: Falmer Press.

  • Day, C. (2002). School reform and transitions in teacher professionalism and identity. International Journal of Educational Research, 37(2), 677–692.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Day, C. (2004). A passion for teaching. London: RoutledgeFalmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Day, C. (2007). Sustaining success in challenging contexts. In C. Day & K. Leithwood (Eds.), Successful principal leadership in times of change: An international perspective (pp. 59–70). Dordrecht: Springer.

  • Day, C., & Leithwood, K. (Eds.). (2007). Successful principal leadership in times of change: An international perspective (pp. 59–70). Dordrecht: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Day, C., Fernandez, A., Hauge, T. E., & Møller, J. (Eds.). (2000). The life and work of teachers. London: Falmer Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Day, C., Sammons, P., Stobart, G., Kington, A., & Gu, Q. (2007). Teachers matter: Connecting work, lives and effectiveness. Maidenhead: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • DCSF (2008). The national strategies: Secondary. Accessed August 27, 2009, from http://www.standards.dcsf.gov.uk/secondary/framework/.

  • Department for Education and Employment (DfEE). (1998). Teachers: Meeting the challenge of change. London: DfEE (Cmd. 4164).

  • Department for Education and Skills (DfES). (2001). Professionalism and trust—the future of teachers and teaching. Pamphlet to accompany Estelle Morris’ speech to the Social Market Foundation. 12 Nov 2001. Accessed July 19, 2003, from http://www.remodelling.org/downloads/21.pdf.

  • Department for Education and Skills (DfES). (2003). Every child matters: Summary. London: DFES.

    Google Scholar 

  • DfES (2005, January). School workforce in England (revised), National Statistics First Release SFR 41/2005. London: DfES.

  • Dinham, S., & Scott, C. (2000). Moving into the third, outer domain of teacher satisfaction. Journal of Educational Administration, 38(4), 379–396.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fielding, M. (Ed.). (2001). Taking education really seriously: Four years hard labour. London: RoutledgeFalmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1983). On the genealogy of ethics: An overview of work in progress. In H. Dreyfus & P. Rainbow (Eds.), Michael Foucault: Beyond structuralism and hermeneutics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fullan, M. G. (2001). The new meaning of educational change: (3rd ed.). New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fullan, M., & Hargreaves, A. (Eds.). (1992). Teacher development and educational change. London: Falmer Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gideonese, H. D. (1988). Practitioner oriented inquiry for teachers: Meaning, justification and implication for school structure. Journal of Curriculum and Supervision, 4(1), 65–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gitlin, A., & Margonis, F. (1995). The political aspect of reform. The American Journal of Education, 103, 377–405.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gleeson, D., & Husbands, C. (Eds.). (2001). The performing school: Managing, teaching and learning in a performance culture. London: RoutledgeFalmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gold, Y. (1996). Beginning teacher support. Attrition, mentoring, induction. In J. Sikula, T. J. Buttery, & E. Guyton (Eds.), Handbook of research on teacher education (pp. 548–593) New York: Macmillan.

  • Goodson, I. F. (2001). Social histories of educational change. Journal of Educational Change, 2(1), 45–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodson, I. F., & Hargreaves, A. (Eds.). (1996). Teachers’ professional lives. London: Falmer Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grace, G. (1997). Politics, markets, and democratic schools: On the transformation of school leadership. In A. H. Halsey, H. Lauder, P. Brown, & A. S. Wells (Eds.), Education: Culture, economy, and society (pp. 311–319). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Grace, G., & Lawn, M. (Eds.). (1991). Teacher supply and teacher quality: Issues for the 1990s. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, C. (2004). Theorising changes in teachers’ work. Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy, 32 (special edition). Accessed November 11, 2006, from http://www.umanitoba.ca/publications/cjeap/articles/noma/theorising.change.html.

  • Halsey, A. H., Lauder, H., Brown, P., & Wells, A. S. (Eds.). (1997). Education: Culture, economy, and society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, D. T. (2001). The moral heart of teaching: Towards a teacher’s creed. New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hargreaves, A. (1997). From reform to renewal: A new deal for a new age. In A. Hargreaves & R. Evans (Eds.), Beyond educational reform. Bringing teachers back in (pp. 105–125). Buckingham: Open University Press.

  • Hargreaves, A. (2003). Teaching in the knowledge society: Education in the age of insecurity. Maidenhead: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hargreaves, A. (2005). Educational change takes ages: Life, career and generational factors in teachers’ emotional responses to educational change. Teaching and Teacher Education, 21(8), 967–983.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hargreaves, A., & Evans, R. (Eds.). (1997). Beyond educational reform. Bringing teachers back in. Buckingham: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hargreaves, A., & Goodson, I. (1996). Teachers’ professional lives: Aspirations and actualities. In I. F. Goodson & A. Hargreaves (Eds.), Teachers’ professional lives (pp. 1–27). London: Falmer Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, K. (1994). Teachers: Constructing the future. London: Falmer Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helsby, G., & McCulloch G. (1996) Teacher professionalism and curriculum control. In I. F. Goodson & A. Hargreaves (Eds.), Teachers’ professional lives (pp. 56–74). London: Falmer Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Holly, M. L., & McLoughlin, C. S. (Eds.). (1989). Perspectives on teacher professional development. London: The Falmer Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Honig, M. L. (2003). Building policy from practice: District central office administrators’ roles and capacity for implementing collaborative education policy. Educational Administration Quarterly, 39(3), 292–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • House of Commons. (1997). Education and employment committee sixth report: The professional status, recruitment and training of teachers. London: T.S.O.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingersoll, R. M. (2003). Who controls teachers’ work?. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, P. W. (1999). Teaching as a moral enterprise. In M. Lang et al. (Eds.), Op. cit., pp. 81–90.

  • Jeffrey, B., & Woods, P. (1998). Testing teachers: The effect of school inspection on primary teachers. London: Falmer Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, S. M., Berg, J. H., & Donaldson, M. L. (2005). Who stays in teaching and why: A review of the literature on teacher retention. The project on the next generation of teachers. Harvard Graduate School of Education. Accessed April 16, 2006, from http://www.gse.harvard.edu/~ngt/.

  • Johnson, S. M., Birkeland, S. E., Donaldson, M. L., Kardos, S. M., Kauffman, D., Liu, E., et al. (2004). Finders and keepers. Helping new teachers survive and thrive in our schools. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawn, M. (1996). Modern times? Work, professionalism and citizenship in teaching. London: Falmer Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leithwood, K., Day, C., Sammons, P., Harris, A., & Hopkins, D. (2006). Seven strong claims about successful school leadership. Nottingham: National College for School Leadership.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, B. (1998). An epidemic of education policy: What can we learn from each other? Comparative Education, 34(2), 131–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lortie, D. C. (1975). Schoolteacher: A sociological study. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahony, P., & Hextall, I. (2000). Reconstructing teaching: Standards, performance and accountability. London: RoutledgeFalmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miliband, D. (2003, October 22). School leadership: The productivity challenge. Speech by David Miliband MP, Minister Of State For School Standards at The National College For School Leadership, Nottingham.

  • Nias, J. (1989). Teaching and the self. In M. L. Holly & C. S. McLoughlin (Eds.), Perspectives on teacher professional development. (pp. 155–171). London: The Falmer Press.

  • Noddings, N. (1996). Stories and affect in teacher education. Cambridge Journal of Education, 26(3), 435–447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OFSTED. (2005). The annual report of Her Majesty’s Chief Inspector of Schools 2003/04: Summary. London: The Stationery Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • OFSTED. (2008). Every child matters. Framework for the inspection of schools in England from September 2005 (2nd ed.). London: OFSTED.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paton, G. (2008a). 15,000 teachers are off sick each day. The Daily Telegraph, 29 December, 2008, p. 2. London: The Daily Telegraph.

  • Paton, G. (2008b). Ofsted: Schools ‘teaching to the test’. The Daily Telegraph, 21 July, 2008. London: The Daily Telegraph. Accessed September 4, 2008, from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/2440091/Ofsted-Schools-teaching-to-the-test.html.

  • PricewaterhouseCoopers (2001). Teacher workload study. Accessed March 16, 2004, from http://www.teachernet.gov.uk/docbank/index.cfm?id=932.

  • Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA) (2008). Teaching of new secondary curriculum begins. Accessed on August 27, 2009, from http://curriculum.qca.org.uk/News-and-updates-listing/News/Teaching-of-new-secondary-curriculum-begins.aspx.

  • Robertson, S. (1996). Teachers’ work, restructuring and postfordism: Constructing the new ‘professionalism’. In I. F. Goodson & A. Hargreaves (Eds.), Teachers’ professional lives (pp. 28–55). London: Falmer Press.

  • Sachs, J. (2001). Teacher professional identity: Competing discourses, competing outcomes. Journal of Education Policy, 16(2), 149–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sachs, J. (2003). The activist teaching profession. Maidenhead: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • School Teachers’ Review Body [STRB]. (2003). School teachers’ review body 12th report CM5715. London: The Stationery Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seddon, T. (1997). Education: Deprofessionalised? Or re-regulated, reorganised and reauthorised? Australian Journal of Education, 41(3), 228–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Select Committee on Education and Skills (2003). Seventh report: Pupil achievement in secondary education. http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200203/cmselect/cmeduski/513/51305.htm.

  • Sergiovanni, T. J. (2001). Leadership: What’s in it for schools?. London: RoutledgeFalmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sikes, P. J. (1992). Imposed change and the experienced teacher. In M. Fullan & A. Hargreaves (Eds.), Teacher development and educational change (pp. 36–55). London: Falmer Press.

  • Sikula, J., Buttery, T. J., & Guyton, E. (Eds.). (1996). Handbook of research on teacher education (pp. 548–593). New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smithers, A., & Robinson, P. (2003). Factors affecting teachers’ decisions to leave the profession. DfES Research Report RR430. London: DfES.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smyth, J. (Ed.). (1995). Critical discourses on teacher development. London: Cassell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smyth, J., Dow, A., Hattam, R., Reid, A., & Shacklock, G. (2000). Teachers’ work in a globalizing economy. London: Falmer Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teacher Training Agency (TTA). (1999). Supporting induction for newly qualified teachers: Overview. London: TTA.

  • The Daily Telegraph (2008, December 29). Parents blamed for primary pupils’ bad behaviour (p. 10). London: The Daily Telegraph.

  • The Guardian (2000, February 29).

  • The Guardian (2003, January 7).

  • The Guardian (2006). Too many teachers ‘teaching to the test’. London: The Guardian. Accessed September 2, 2006, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2006/jul/20/schools.uk5.

  • Tickle, L. (2000). Teacher induction: The way ahead. Buckingham: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Totterdell, M., Heilbronn, R., Bubb, S. & Jones, C. (2002). Evaluation of the effectiveness of the statutory arrangements for the induction of newly qualified teachers. DfES Research Report 338. London: DfES.

  • Totterdell, M., Woodroffe, L., Bubb, S., & Hanrahan, K. (2004). The impact of NQT induction programmes on the enhancement of teacher expertise, professional development, job satisfaction or retention rates: a systematic review of research on induction. London: EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education.

  • Training and Development Agency for Schools (TDA). (2007). Professional standards for teachers: Why sit still in your career?. London: TDA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, S. & Barton, L. (Eds.) (1987). Changing policies, changing teachers: New directions for schooling? Milton Keynes: Open University Press.

  • Whitty, G. (1997). Marketization, the state, and the re-formation of the teaching profession. In A.H. Halsey, H. Lauder, P. Brown, & A. S. Wells (Eds.), Education: Culture, economy, and society (pp. 299–310). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Woods, P., Jeffrey, B. & Troman, G. (2001). The impact of New Labour’s educational policy on primary schools. In M. Fielding (Ed.), Taking education really seriously: Four years hard labour (pp. 84–95). London: RoutledgeFalmer.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christopher Day.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Day, C., Smethem, L. The effects of reform: Have teachers really lost their sense of professionalism?. J Educ Change 10, 141–157 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10833-009-9110-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10833-009-9110-5

Keywords

Navigation