Abstract
An on-line survey of 102 (51 females; undergraduate and graduate) university students with ASD across Australia and New Zealand examined student characteristics and satisfaction with academic and non-academic supports. A broad range of disciplines were studied, and the participants’ reported strengths included a passion for learning, strong technology skills, and creative thoughts. The participants’ greatest concerns were academic requirements and mental health, including high rates of self-harm and suicidal ideation. Despite support satisfaction ratings being high, support usage was low, possibly indicating a mismatch of supports and needs, lack of awareness of available supports, and/or poor advocacy skills.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anderson, A., Carter, M., & Stephenson, J. (2018). Perspectives of university students with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48, 651–665. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3257-3.
Anderson, A., Stephenson, J., Carter, M., & Carlon, S. (2019). A systematic literature review of empirical research on postsecondary students with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49, 1531–1558. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3840-2.
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2012). Year book Australia, 2012. Education and training. Higher education (no. 1301.0). Retrieved April 28, 2019, from http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/1301.0~2012~Main%20Features~Higher%20education~107.
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2015). Disability, ageing and carers, Australia: Summary of findings, 2015. Autism in Australia (no. 4430.0). Retrieved April 20, 2019, from http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4430.0Main%20Features752015.
Baio, J., Wiggins, L., Christensen, D. L., Maenner, M. J., Daniels, J., Warren, Z., et al. (2018). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years—autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2014. MMWR Surveillance Summary,67(6), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6706a1.
Baldwin, S., & Costley, D. (2016). The experiences and needs of female adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. Autism,20, 483–495. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361315590805.
Baldwin, S., Costley, D., & Warren, A. (2014). Employment activities and experiences of adults with high-functioning autism and Asperger’s disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,44, 2440–2449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2112-z.
Berger, H. J. C., Aerts, F. H. T. M., van Spaendonck, K. P. M., Cools, A. R., & Teunisse, J. (2003). Central coherence and cognitive shifting in relation to social improvement in high-functioning young adults with autism. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology,24, 502–511. https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.25.4.502.13870.
Bolourian, Y., Zeedyk, S. M., & Blacher, J. (2018). Autism and the university experience: Narratives from students with neurodevelopmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,48, 3330–3343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3599-5.
Brewer, N., Young, R. L., & Barnett, E. (2017). Measuring theory of mind in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,47, 1927–1941. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3080-x.
Cai, R. Y., & Richdale, A. L. (2016). Educational experiences and needs of higher educational students with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,46, 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2535-1.
Cassidy, S., Bradley, P., Robinson, J., Allison, C., McHugh, M., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2014). Suicidal ideation and suicide plans or attempts in adults with Asperger’s syndrome attending a specialist diagnostic clinic: A clinical cohort study. Lancet Psychiatry,1, 142–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70248-2.
Cox, B., Mintz, A., Locks, T., Thompson, K., Anderson, A., Morgan, L., et al. (2015). Academic experiences for college students with autism: Identity, disclosure, and accommodations. Paper presented at the 2015 annual conference of the American Educational Research Association in Chicago. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.0.3593.1600.
Fiddle, L. W., Ne’eman, A., Stout, A., Borescow, E., Umstead, A., Yergeau, M., et al. (2013). Empowering leadership. A systems change guide for autistic college students and those with other disabilities. ASAN Autistic Self Advocacy Network. https://autisticadvocacy.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Empowering-Leadership.pdf
Gelbar, N. W., Shefcyk, A., & Reichow, B. (2015). A comprehensive survey of current and former college students with autism spectrum disorder. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine,88, 45–68.
Gurbuz, E., Hanley, M., & Riby, D. M. (2019). University students with autism: The social and academic experiences of university in the UK. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,49, 617–631. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-3741-4.
Jackson, L. G., Duffy, M. L., Brady, M. P., & McCormick, J. (2018a). Effects of learning strategy training on the writing performance of college students with Asperger’s syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,48, 708–721. https://doi.org/10.10087/s10803-017-3170-9.
Jackson, S. L. J., Hart, L., Brown, J. T., & Volkmar, F. R. (2018b). Brief report: Self-reported academic, social, and mental health experiences of post-secondary students with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,48, 643–650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3315-x.
Jansen, D., Petry, K., Ceulemans, E., Noens, I., & Baeyens, D. (2017). Functioning and participation problems of students with ASD in higher education: Which reasonable accommodations are effective? European Journal of Special Needs Education, 32, 71–88. https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rejs20.
Kleinhans, N., Akshoomoff, N., & Delis, D. C. (2005). Executive functions in autism and Asperger’s disorder: Flexibility, fluency, and inhibition. Developmental Neuropsychology,27, 379–401. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326942dn2703_5.
Macaskill, A., & Denovan, A. (2013). Developing autonomous learning in first-year university students using perspectives from positive psychology. Studies in Higher Education,38, 124–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2011.566325.
MacLeod, A., & Green, S. (2009). Beyond the books: Case study of a collaborative and holistic support model for university students with Asperger syndrome. Studies in Higher Education,34, 631–646. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075070802590643.
Madriaga, M. (2010). ‘I avoid pubs and the student union like the plague’: Students with Asperger syndrome and their negotiation of university spaces. Children’s Geographies,8, 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733280903500166.
Mazurek, M. (2014). Loneliness, friendship, and well-being in adults with autism spectrum disorders. Autism,18, 223–232. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361312474121.
McLeod, J. D., Meanwell, E., & Hawbaker, A. (2019). The experiences of college students on the autism spectrum: A comparison to their neurotypical peers. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,49, 2320–2336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-03910-8.
Mortier, P., Cuijpers, P., Kiekens, G., Auerbach, R. P., Demyttenaere, K., Green, J. G., et al. (2017). The prevalence of suicidal thoughts and behaviours among college students: A meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine,48, 554–565. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291717002215.
Newman, L., Wagner, M., Knokey, A.-M., Marder, C., Nagle, K., Shaver, D., et al. (2011). The post-high school outcomes of young adults with disabilities up to 8 years after high school. A report from the National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2) (NCSER 2011-3005). Menlo Park, CA: SRI International. Retrieved from https://nlts2.sri.com/reports/2011_09_02/nlts2_report_2011_09_02_execsum.pdf.
Norton, A., & Cherastidtham, I. (2018). Dropping out. The benefits and costs of trying university. https://grattan.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/904-dropping-out-the-benefits-and-costs-of-trying-university.pdf.
Nuske, A., Rillotta, F., Bellon, M., & Richdale, A. (2019). Transition to higher education for students with autism: A systematic literature review. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education,12, 280–295. https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000108.
Paquette-Smith, M., Weiss, J., & Lunsky, Y. (2014). History of suicide attempts in adults with Asperger syndrome. Crisis,35, 273–277. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000263.
Parker, P. D., Thoemmes, F., Duineveld, J. J., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2015). I wish I had (not) taken a gap-year? The psychological and attainment outcomes of different post-school pathways. Developmental Psychology,51, 323–333. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038667.
Sarrett, J. C. (2018). Autism and accommodations in higher education: Insights from the autism community. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,48, 679–693. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3353-4.
Sax, L. J., Gilmartin, S. K., Lee, J. J., & Hagedorn, L. S. (2008). Using web surveys to reach community college students: An analysis of response rates and response bias. Community College Journal of Research and Practice,32, 712–729. https://doi.org/10.1080/10668920802000423.
Simmeborn Fleischer, A. (2012). Alienation and struggle: everyday student-life of three male students with Asperger syndrome. Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research,14, 177–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/15017419.2011.558236.
Stice, L. V., & Lavner, J. A. (2019). Social connectedness and loneliness mediate the association between autistic traits and internalizing symptoms among young adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,49, 1096–1110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3812-6.
Tipton, L. A., & Blacher, J. (2014). Brief report: Autism awareness: Views from a campus community. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,44, 477–483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1893-9.
Tops, W., van den Bergh, A., Noens, I., & Baeyens, D. (2017). A multi-method assessment of study strategies in higher education students with an autism spectrum disorder. Learning and Individual Differences,59, 141–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2017.09.003.
Ward, D., & Webster, A. (2017). Understanding the lived experiences of university students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD): A phenomenological study. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education,65, 373–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912X.2017.1403573.
White, S. W., Ollendick, T. H., & Bray, B. C. (2011). College students on the autism spectrum: Prevalence and associated problems. Autism,15, 683–701. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361310393363.
Acknowledgments
No grant funding was used to fund this research. We acknowledge and very much value the excellent contribution of all participating disability officers and respondents to our survey.
Funding
There was no funding granted for this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
AA developed the study aims and research questions, prepared the survey questions, liaised with participating universities, extracted and analysed the data, prepared the tables, and drafted the manuscript as part of her doctoral dissertation. MC and JS participated in the development of the study aims and research questions, the analysis of the data, and provided feedback on the survey and manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Research Involving Human Respondents
Ethical approval: All procedures performed in studies involving human respondents were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed Consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual respondents included in the study.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Anderson, A.H., Carter, M. & Stephenson, J. An On-Line Survey of University Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Australia and New Zealand: Characteristics, Support Satisfaction, and Advocacy. J Autism Dev Disord 50, 440–454 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04259-8
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04259-8