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Anodized TiO2 nanotubes using Ti wire in fluorinated ethylene glycol with air bubbles for removal of methylene blue dye

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Abstract

TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs) with self-aligned 7.25 ± 0.51-µm length, 66.78 ± 4.18-nm diameter, and 41.48 ± 4.31-nm wall thickness were fabricated using Ti wire in an anodic process using an ethylene glycol (EG)/NH4F–air bubbles electrolyte. The possible growth of TNTs in the electrolyte with different water content was explored. It was found that the growth rate of TNTs in an electrolyte with air bubbles and no water content was significantly faster than that in an electrolyte with 1–5-vol% water content. The degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye with sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as the sacrificial reagent (hole scavenger) under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation was investigated in a photocatalytic study of 400 °C annealed optimized TNTs. The results showed that TNTs can reduce MB at approximately 99%, 74%, and 40% removal efficiency using the first, second, and third cycles, respectively, for 70-min reaction time each. A kinetic study revealed that the photoreduction process followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic with reaction rates of 0.0280, 0.0213, and 0.0052 min−1 for the first, second, and third cycles, respectively. This study’s findings will provide new insights into the design of UV light induced on anodized TNTs using Ti wire in EG/NH4F electrolytes with air bubbles aided by NaBH4 for the degradation of MB dye.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by Malaysia Ministry of Higher Education – Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2021/STG05/UiTM/02/9). The authors also acknowledge the materials, facilities, and financial supports provided by University Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Universiti Sains Malaysia and Toyohashi University of Technology, Japan. A. Matsuda and G. Kawamura acknowledge the JSPW KAKENHI (grant numbers 18H03841 and 21K18823 for supporting this research.

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  1. School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, 13500, Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

    Norain Isa, Norhusna Mohamad Nor & Wan Zuraida Wan Kamis

  2. Institute of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8580, Japan

    Wai Kian Tan

  3. Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8580, Japan

    Go Kawamura & Atsunori Matsuda

  4. School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

    Zainovia Lockman

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  1. Norain Isa
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Isa, N., Mohamad Nor, N., Wan Kamis, W.Z. et al. Anodized TiO2 nanotubes using Ti wire in fluorinated ethylene glycol with air bubbles for removal of methylene blue dye. J Appl Electrochem 52, 173–188 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-021-01644-z

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