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Hybridization and Stratification of Nuclear Genetic Variation in Macaca mulatta and M. fascicularis

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Abstract

We used genotypes for 13 short tandem repeats (STRs) to assess the genetic diversity within and differentiation among populations of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) from mainland Asia and long-tailed macaques (M. fascicularis) from mainland and insular Southeast Asia. The subjects were either recently captured in the wild or derived from wild-caught founders maintained in captivity for biomedical research. A large number of alleles are shared between the 2 macaque species but a significant genetic division between them persists. The distinction is more clear-cut among populations that are not, or are unlikely to have recently been, geographically contiguous. Our results suggest there has been significant interspecific nuclear gene flow between rhesus macaques and long-tailed macaques on the mainland. Comparisons of mainland and island populations of long-tailed macaques reflect marked genetic subdivisions due to barriers to migration. Geographic isolation has restricted gene flow, allowing island populations to become subdivided and genetically differentiated. Indonesian long-tailed macaques show evidence of long-term separation and genetic isolation from the mainland populations, whereas long-tailed macaques from the Philippines and Mauritius both display evidence of founder effects and subsequent isolation, with the impact from genetic drift being more profound in the latter.

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Acknowledgments

We thank our former and current technicians at the Molecular Anthropology Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, for their contributions in compiling the genetic data used in the study. We thank all the facilities listed in Smith and McDonough (2005), Smith et al. (2006, 2007) and Satkoski et al. (2007) that have contributed samples used in this study. We also thank Robert Stallman (Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis) and 2 anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on improving the manuscript. A National Institutes of Health grant (no. RR05090 awarded to D. G. Smith) supported the study.

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  1. Department of Anthropology, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA

    Sree Kanthaswamy, Jessica Satkoski, Debra George, Alexander Kou, Bethany Joy-Alise Erickson & David Glenn Smith

  2. California National Primate Research Center, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA

    Sree Kanthaswamy & David Glenn Smith

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  1. Sree Kanthaswamy
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Kanthaswamy, S., Satkoski, J., George, D. et al. Hybridization and Stratification of Nuclear Genetic Variation in Macaca mulatta and M. fascicularis . Int J Primatol 29, 1295–1311 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-008-9295-0

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