Abstract
Oridonin, an active diterpenoid compound from Rabdosia rubescens, has anti-tumor effects. Rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RAFLS), a pathological hallmark of RA, exhibits “tumor-like” phenotype. Here, we investigated the effects of oridonin on the proliferation and apoptosis of RAFLS. Cell viability was measured by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential were detected by flow cytometry. Western blot analysis was performed to examine the phosphorylation of extra-cellular regulated kinases (ERK1/2), C-Jun N-Terminal Kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins. Oridonin inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-treated FLS. z-VAD-fmk, a pan-caspase inhibitor, significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated oridonin-induced apoptosis of FLS. Oridonin suppressed IL-1β-mediated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, oridonin alone dose-dependently suppressed FLS proliferation, triggered cell apoptosis, and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) through activating caspase-3, caspase-9, and PARP, leading to translocation of cytochrome c into cytoplasm. z-VAD-fmk significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited oridonin-induced apoptosis. The accumulation of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was about sevenfold increase in oridonin-treated cells. Pretreatment of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an inhibitor of ROS, significantly attenuated oridonin-triggered apoptosis, indicating the involvement of ROS production in oridonin-induced mitochondrial apoptosis. Oridonin inhibits cell proliferation, induces cell apoptosis, and decreases the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK in IL-1β-exposed RAFLS. Oridonin induces mitochondrial apoptosis by enhancing the production of ROS in FLS.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bottini, N., and G.S. Firestein. 2013. Duality of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in RA: passive responders and imprinted aggressors. Nature Reviews Rheumatology 9: 24–33.
Firestein, G.S. 1996. Invasive fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. Passive responders or transformed aggressors? Arthritis and Rheumatism 39: 1781–1790.
Lefèvre, S., A. Knedla, C. Tennie, A. Kampmann, C. Wunrau, R. Dinser, A. Korb, E.M. Schnäker, I.H. Tarner, P.D. Robbins, C.H. Evans, H. Stürz, J. Steinmeyer, S. Gay, J. Schölmerich, T. Pap, U. Müller-Ladner, and E. Neumann. 2009. Synovial fibroblasts spread rheumatoid arthritis to unaffected joints. Nature Medicine 15: 1414–1420.
McInnes, I.B., B.P. Leung, and F.Y. Liew. 2000. Cell-cell interactions in synovitis. Interactions between T lymphocytes and synovial cells. Arthritis Research 2: 374–378.
Okamoto, H., D. Hoshi, A. Kiire, H. Yamanaka, and N. Kamatani. 2008. Molecular targets of rheumatoid arthritis. Inflammation & Allergy Drug Targets 7: 53–66.
Okamoto, H., T.P. Cujec, H. Yamanaka, and N. Kamatani. 2008. Molecular aspects of rheumatoid arthritis: role of transcription factors. FEBS Journal 275: 4463–4470.
Bartok, B., and G.S. Firestein. 2010. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes: key effector cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Immunology Reviews 233: 233–255.
Korb, A., H. Pavenstädt, and T. Pap. 2009. Cell death in rheumatoid arthritis. Apoptosis 14: 447–454.
Negroni, A., S. Cucchiara, and L. Stronati. 2015. Apoptosis, necrosis, and necroptosis in the gut and intestinal homeostasis. Mediators of Inflammation 2015: 250762.
Li, H., and A. Wan. 2013. Apoptosis of rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes: possible roles of nitric oxide and the thioredoxin 1. Mediators of Inflammation 2013: 953462.
Balaban, R.S., S. Nemoto, and T. Finkel. 2005. Mitochondria, oxidants, and aging. Cell 120: 483–495.
Nishioka, K., T. Hasunuma, T. Kato, T. Sumida, and T. Kobata. 1998. Apoptosis in rheumatoid arthritis: a novel pathway in the regulation of synovial tissue. Arthritis and Rheumatism 41: 1–9.
Phillips, D.C., H.K. Dias, G.D. Kitas, and H.R. Griffiths. 2010. Aberrant reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA): causes and consequences for immune function, cell survival, and therapeutic intervention. Antioxidants and Redox Signaling 12: 743–785.
Osawa, K., H. Yasuda, T. Maruyama, H. Morita, and K. Takeya. 1994. Antibacteria trichorabdal diterpenes from Rabdosia trichocarpa. Phytochemistry 36: 1287–1291.
Han, Q.B., M.L. Li, S.H. Li, Y.K. Mou, Z.W. Lin, and H.D. Sun. 2003. Ent-kaurane diterpenoids from Isodon rubescens var lushanensis. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 51: 790–793.
Bao, R., Y. Shu, X. Wu, H. Weng, Q. Ding, Y. Cao, M. Li, J. Mu, W. Wu, Q. Ding, et al. 2014. Oridonin induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of gallbladder cancer cells via the mitochondrial pathway. BMC Cancer. 14: 217.
Kuo, L.M., C.Y. Kuo, C.Y. Lin, M.F. Hung, J.J. Shen, and T.L. Hwang. 2014. Intracellular glutathione depletion by oridonin leads to apoptosis in hepatic stellate cells. Molecules 19: 3327–3344.
Neff, L., M. Zeisel, J. Sibilia, M. Schöller-Guinard, J.P. Klein, and D. Wachsmann. 2001. NF-kappaB and the MAP kinases/AP-1 pathways are both involved in interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 expression in fibroblast-like synoviocytes stimulated by protein I/II, a modulin from oral streptococci. Cellular Microbiology 3: 703–712.
Turner-Brannen, E., K.Y. Choi, D.N. Lippert, J.P. Cortens, R.E. Hancock, H. El-Gabalawy, and N. Mookherjee. 2011. Modulation of interleukin-1β-induced inflammatory responses by a synthetic cationic innate defence regulator peptide, IDR-1002, in synovial fibroblasts. Arthritis Research and Therapy 13: R129.
Shih, K.S., J.H. Wang, Y.W. Wu, C.M. Teng, C.C. Chen, and C.R. Yang. 2012. Aciculatin inhibits granulocyte colony-stimulating factor production by human interleukin 1β-stimulated fibroblast-like synoviocytes. PloS One 7: e42389.
Jin, S., J.N. Shen, J. Wang, G. Huang, and J.G. Zhou. 2007. Oridonin induced apoptosis through Akt and MAPKs signaling pathways in human osteosarcoma cells. Cancer Biology and Therapy 6: 261–268.
Lee, H.H., S. Lee, K. Lee, Y.S. Shin, H. Kang, and H. Cho. 2015. Anti-cancer effect of Cordyceps militaris in human colorectal carcinoma RKO cells via cell cycle arrest and mitochondrial apoptosis. Daru 23: 35.
Sun, K.W., Y.Y. Ma, T.P. Guan, Y.J. Xia, C.M. Shao, L.G. Chen, Y.J. Ren, H.B. Yao, Q. Yang, and X.J. He. 2012. Oridonin induces apoptosis in gastric cancer through Apaf-1, cytochrome c and caspase-3 signaling pathway. World Journal of Gastroenterology 18: 7166–7174.
Scorrano, L., and S.J. Korsmeyer. 2003. Mechanisms of cytochrome c release by proapoptotic bcl-2 family members. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 304: 437–444.
Kim, H.E., F. Du, M. Fang, and X. Wang. 2005. Formation of apoptosome is initiated by cytochrome c-induced datp hydrolysis and subsequent nucleotide exchange on apaf-1. Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102: 17545–17550.
Zeng, R., Y. Chen, S. Zhao, and G.H. Cui. 2012. Autophagy counteracts apoptosis in human multiple myeloma cells exposed to oridonin in vitro via regulating intracellular ROS and SIRT1. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 33: 91–100.
Meunier, J., and T. Hayashi. 2010. Sigma-1 receptors regulate Bcl-2 expression by reactive oxygen species-dependent transcriptional regulation of nuclear factor kappaB. Journal of Pharmacol and Experimental Therapeutics 332: 388–397.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
ADDITIONAL FILE
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
ESM 1
(DOC 69 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shang, Ch., Zhang, Qq. & Zhou, Jh. Oridonin Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes. Inflammation 39, 873–880 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-016-0318-2
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-016-0318-2