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Effects of climate change on leaf breakdown by microorganisms and the shredder Phylloicus elektoros (Trichoptera: Calamoceratidae)

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Abstract

Climate change may affect species diversity and, consequently, ecological processes such as leaf decomposition. We evaluated the effects of increased temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) on fungal biomass, leaf breakdown, and on survival and growth of the shredder Phylloicus elektoros. We hypothesized that climatic changes would result in lower survival and growth of shredders and lower leaf consumption by these organisms. On the other hand, we predicted an increase in fungal biomass in response to climatic changes. We conducted an experiment in Manaus, Brazil, using four microcosms that simulate real-time air temperature and CO2 (control chamber), as well as three other chambers subjected to fixed increases in temperature and CO2 as compared to the control chamber. The “extreme” condition represented an increase of ~4.5°C in temperature and ~870 ppm in CO2 in relation to the control chamber. Total and shredder leaf-breakdown rates, fungal biomass, and shredder survival rates were significantly lower in warmer and CO2 concentrated atmospheres. Shredder growth rate and leaf breakdown by microorganisms were similar among all climatic conditions. With climatic changes, we found an increase in the relative importance of microorganisms on leaf-breakdown rates as compared to shredders. Thus, lower leaf breakdown and a change in the main decomposer due to future climatic conditions may result in major changes in the pathways of organic matter processing and, consequently, in aquatic food webs.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. Adalberto L. Val for microcosm use, Dr. Ana M.O. Pes for Phylloicus elektoros identification, Dr. Sérgio Nunomura for lyophilizer use, Dr. Manuel A.S. Graça for suggestions during data analysis, and Fernanda Dragan and Jéssica Oliveira for help during the experiment. We also thank Fernanda Dragan and collaborators who are finalizing a detailed description of the microcosms. ASM, JFGJr, and NH received research fellowships (procs. 307479/2011-0, 302957/2014-6 and 306328/2010-0, respectively) from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). RTM received a fellowship from Programa de Apoio à Fixação de Doutores no Amazonas—FIXAM/AM. CT-Amazônia/CNPq (Proc. 575875/2008-9), Pronex/CNPq/Fapeam—Aquatic insects, CT-Hidro/Climatic Changes/Water Resources/CNPq (Proc. 403949/2013-0) and INCT/ADAPTA (CNPq/FAPEAM)—Amazon projects supported the invertebrate sample collection, laboratory analyses, and microcosm experiments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Manaus, AM, CEP 69067-375, Brazil

    Renato T. Martins, Claudimir M. Campos & Neusa Hamada

  2. Departamento de Ecologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Goiás, CP 131, Goiânia, GO, CEP 74001-970, Brazil

    Adriano S. Melo

  3. AquaRiparia, Departamento de Ecologia, IB, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, CEP 70910-900, Brazil

    José F. Gonçalves Jr.

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  1. Renato T. Martins
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  2. Adriano S. Melo
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Correspondence to Renato T. Martins.

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Guest editors: Adalberto L. Val, Gudrun De Boeck, & Sidinei M. Thomaz / Adaptation of Aquatic Biota of the Amazon

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10750_2016_2689_MOESM1_ESM.pdf

Supplementary material 1 (PDF 496 kb). Fig. S1—Flow diagram of the experimental design. We considered total leaf breakdown as sum of microbial leaf breakdown and shredder leaf breakdown. The values of air temperature and CO2 indicated are the averages registered during the experiment. Chambers were subjected to the following conditions: Control: real-time current conditions of air temperature and CO2 from Manaus (Amazonas, Brazil); Light: increases of ~1.5°C in temperature and ~220 ppm CO2 concentration in relation to the control; Intermediate: increases of ~3.0°C in temperature and ~420 ppm CO2 concentration in relation to the control; Extreme: increase of ~4.5°C in temperature and ~870 ppm CO2 concentration in relation to the control

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Martins, R.T., Melo, A.S., Gonçalves, J.F. et al. Effects of climate change on leaf breakdown by microorganisms and the shredder Phylloicus elektoros (Trichoptera: Calamoceratidae). Hydrobiologia 789, 31–44 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-016-2689-7

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