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Restoration of shallow lakes by nutrient control and biomanipulation—the successful strategy varies with lake size and climate

  • Eutrophication in Lakes
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Abstract

Major efforts have been made world-wide to improve the ecological quality of shallow lakes by reducing external nutrient loading. These have often resulted in lower in-lake total phosphorus (TP) and decreased chlorophyll a levels in surface water, reduced phytoplankton biomass and higher Secchi depth. Internal loading delays recovery, but in north temperate lakes a new equilibrium with respect to TP often is reached after <10–15 years. In comparison, the response time to reduced nitrogen (N) loading is typically <5 years. Also increased top-down control may be important. Fish biomass often declines, and the percentage of piscivores, the zooplankton:phytoplankton biomass ratio, the contribution of Daphnia to zooplankton biomass and the cladoceran size all tend to increase. This holds for both small and relatively large lakes, for example, the largest lake in Denmark (40 km2), shallow Lake Arresø, has responded relatively rapidly to a ca. 76% loading reduction arising from nutrient reduction and top-down control. Some lakes, however, have proven resistant to loading reductions. To accelerate recovery several physico-chemical and biological restoration methods have been developed for north temperate lakes and used with varying degrees of success. Biological measures, such as selective removal of planktivorous fish, stocking of piscivorous fish and implantation or protection of submerged plants, often are cheap versus traditional physico-chemical methods and are therefore attractive. However, their long-term effectiveness is uncertain. It is argued that additional measures beyond loading reduction are less cost-efficient and often not needed in very large lakes. Although fewer data are available on tropical lakes these seem to respond to external loading reductions, an example being Lake Paranoá, Brazil (38 km2). However, differences in biological interactions between cold temperate versus warm temperate-subtropical-tropical lakes make transfer of existing biological restoration methods to warm lakes difficult. Warm lakes often have prolonged growth seasons with a higher risk of long-lasting algal blooms and dense floating plant communities, smaller fish, higher aggregation of fish in vegetation (leading to loss of zooplankton refuge), more annual fish cohorts, more omnivorous feeding by fish and less specialist piscivory. The trophic structures of warm lakes vary markedly, depending on precipitation, continental or coastal regions locations, lake age and temperature. Unfortunately, little is known about trophic dynamics and the role of fish in warm lakes. Since many warm lakes suffer from eutrophication, new insights are needed into trophic interactions and potential lake restoration methods, especially since eutrophication is expected to increase in the future owing to economic development and global warming.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Danish counties for access to data from the Survey Programme of Danish Lakes. The work was supported by Eurolimpacs (GOCE-CT-2003-505540) and the Danish Natural Science Research Council funded research project “Consequences of weather and climate changes for marine and freshwater ecosystems. Conceptual and operational forecasting of the aquatic environment – CONWOY” (SWF: 2052-01-0034) and CLEAR (a Villum Kann Rasmussen centre of excellence project). We acknowledge the main Uruguayan Scientific Agencies for funding some of the research projects: CSIC, DINACYT, and PDT. Thanks to Sidinei M. Thomaz and Angelo A. Agostinho (Universidade Estadual de Maringá – Nupélia, Brazil) for their kind permission to use data and figures, and to Federico Quintans for data used in Fig. 6. We also thank Kathe Møgelvang and Anne Mette Poulsen for technical assistance. The two unknown reviewers are thanked for most valuable scientific comments and editorial suggestions and the organisers of the conference about Lake Taihu for inviting this paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Freshwater Ecology, National Environmental Research Institute, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark

    E. Jeppesen, M. Meerhoff, M. Søndergaard, J. P. Jensen & T. L. Lauridsen

  2. Department of Plant Biology, University of Aarhus, Ole Worms Allé 135, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark

    E. Jeppesen & M. Meerhoff

  3. Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, Uruguay

    M. Meerhoff & N. Mazzeo

  4. Frederiksborg Amt, Technical Department, Amtsgården, Kongens Vænge 2, 3400, Hillerod, Denmark

    B. A. Jacobsen & R. S. Hansen

  5. Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Pasteur 458, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 22290-040

    C. W. C. Branco

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  1. E. Jeppesen
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  2. M. Meerhoff
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  6. J. P. Jensen
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Correspondence to E. Jeppesen.

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J. P. Jensen was deceased.

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Jeppesen, E., Meerhoff, M., Jacobsen, B.A. et al. Restoration of shallow lakes by nutrient control and biomanipulation—the successful strategy varies with lake size and climate. Hydrobiologia 581, 269–285 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-006-0507-3

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