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Molecular evidence for the presence of cryptic evolutionary lineages in the freshwater copepod genus Hemidiaptomus G.O. Sars, 1903 (Calanoida, Diaptomidae)

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Abstract

The pattern of morphological and mtDNA cytochrome b diversity of three calanoid copepod species belonging to the diaptomid genus Hemidiaptomus has been investigated with the aim of checking the reliability of the morphological characters currently used for species identification, and the possible presence of cryptic taxa. A sharply different molecular structuring has been observed in the studied species: while Hemidiaptomus amblyodon exhibits a remarkable constancy throughout the European range of its distribution area (maximum inter-populations cytochrome b divergence of 3%), observed distances between presumed conspecific lineages of Hemidiaptomus gurneyi (maximum divergence of 21.5%) and Hemidiaptomus ingens (maximum 19.1%) suggest that under these binomens are in fact included complexes of cryptic, or currently just unrecognized, independent evolutionary lineages. The application of the “4x rule” shows that the two lineages singled out within H. ingens are in fact independent evolutionary units, while the complex molecular structure observed in H. gurneyi s.l. could not be resolved based on the currently available data. Applying standard crustacean mtDNA evolutionary rates to the observed divergence values, the separation of the main lineages within both H. ingens and H. gurneyi might dates back to the Miocene; however, it has also to be considered that the rate of mtDNA evolution might be accelerated in copepods, as already observed in other arthropod taxa. Present results gives further evidences of the high potential for copepod speciation with no or little morphological changes, and stress the need of a revision of the most controversial Palaearctic diaptomid genera.

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Acknowledgments

Bill Birky (University of Arizona, Tucson) provided a much appreciated support with the implementation of the “4x rule” and sensibly improved a former draft of the manuscript with his constructive criticism. The friends and colleagues listed in Table 1 generously provided the Hemidiaptomus samples included in this study, and they are gratefully acknowledged for their support. Research supported by “Fondi di Ateneo - Università di Palermo”. This research has been carried out as a part of the PhD of FM at the Department of Animal Biology of the University of Palermo.

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  1. Dipartimento di Biologia Animale “G. Reverberi”, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18 90123, Palermo, Italy

    Federico Marrone, Sabrina Lo Brutto & Marco Arculeo

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  1. Federico Marrone
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  2. Sabrina Lo Brutto
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Correspondence to Marco Arculeo.

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Marrone, F., Brutto, S.L. & Arculeo, M. Molecular evidence for the presence of cryptic evolutionary lineages in the freshwater copepod genus Hemidiaptomus G.O. Sars, 1903 (Calanoida, Diaptomidae). Hydrobiologia 644, 115–125 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-010-0101-6

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