Abstract
The alimentary canal of polychaetes consists of a foregut, midgut, and hindgut. The alimentary canal shows different specializations even in homonomously segmented polychaetes. The foregut gives rise to the buccal cavity, pharnyx and oesophagus, the midgut may be divided into a stomach and the intestine proper. Since polychaetes use a wide spectrum of food sources, structures involved in feeding vary as well and show numerous specializations. In the foregut these specializations may be classified as one of the following types: dorsolateral folds, ventral pharynx, axial muscular pharynx, axial non-muscular proboscis and dorsal pharynx. The latter, typical of oligochaetous Clitellata, occurs rarely in polychaetes. The structure, evolution and phylogenetic importance of these different types are described and discussed. Axial muscular and ventral pharynges may be armed with jaws, sclerotized parts of the pharyngeal cuticle. Terminology, structure, occurrence and development of the jaws are briefly reviewed. Special attention has been paid to the jaws of Eunicida including extinct and extant forms. Conflicting theories about the evolution of the jaws in Eunicida are discussed. The epithelia of the intestine may form a pseudostratified epithelium composed of glandular cells, absorptive cells and ciliated cells or only one cell type having similar functions. A conspicuous feature in the intestine of certain polychaetes is the occurrence of unicellular tubular structures, called enteronephridia. So far these enteronephridia are only known in a few meiofauna species.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
B. Åkesson (1967) ArticleTitleOn the biology and larval morphology of Ophryotrocha puerilis Claparède & Metschnikov (Polychaeta) Ophelia 4 111–119
B. Åkesson (1973a) ArticleTitleMorphology and life history of Ophryotrocha maculata sp.n. (Polychaeta, Dorvilleidae) Zoologica Scripta 2 141–144
B. Åkesson (1973b) ArticleTitleReproduction and larval morphology of five Ophryotrocha species (Polychaeta, Dorvilleidae) Zoologica Scripta 2 145–155
B. Åkesson (1976) ArticleTitleMorphology and life cycle of Ophryotrocha diadema, a new polychaete species from California Ophelia 15 23–35
D. T. Anderson (1959) ArticleTitleThe embryology of the polychaete Scoloplos armiger Quarterly Journal of microscopical Science 100 89–166
P. Ax (1999) Das System der Metazoa II Fischer Stuttgart 383
M. Bantz C. Michel (1971) ArticleTitleRevètement cuticulaire de la trompe chez Glycera convoluta Keferstein (Annélide Polychète) Zeitschrift für Zellforschung 118 221–242 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaE3M3pt1WjsA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00341566
M. Bantz C. Michel (1972) ArticleTitleLes cellules sensorielles des papilles de la trompe chez Glycera convoluta Keferstein (Annélide Polychète). Anatomie microscopique et ultrastructure Zeitschrift für Zellforschung 134 351–366 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaE3s%2FltlWlsQ%3D%3D
M. Böggemann (2002) ArticleTitleRevision of the Glyceridae Grube 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta) Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 555 1–249
M. Böggemann D. Fiege G. Purschke (2000) ArticleTitleUltrastructure of the proboscidial papillae in some Glycera species (Annelida: Polychaeta: Glyceridae) Cahiers de Biologie Marine 41 143–153
R. T. Briggs J. E. Chaffee M. Anderson (1985) ArticleTitleCalcium containing granules in myoepithelial cells of the polychaete Syllis spongiphila: possible tonic modulators Tissue and Cell 17 923–928 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0040-8166(85)90046-1 Occurrence Handle4089864 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL28XosFKltg%3D%3D
T. A. Britaev V. Belov (1993) ArticleTitleDetermination of the age of polychaetes fam. Polynoidae by the jaws growth-lines Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 72 15–21
T. A. Britaev M. Pluscheva A. Buyanovski (2002) ArticleTitleSize-age structure of populations of Lepidonotus squamatus and Harmothoe imbricata (Polychaeta, Polynoidae) in the White Sea Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 81 285–291
G. W. Bryan P. E. Gibbs (1979) ArticleTitleZinc – a major inorganic component of nereid polychaete jaws Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 59 969–973 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3cXntlSisQ%3D%3D
G. W. Bryan P. E. Gibbs (1980) ArticleTitleMetals in nereid polychaetes: the contribution of metals in the jaws to the total body burden Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 60 641–654 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3cXlvVSmtro%3D
G. W. Bryan P. E. Gibbs (1986) ArticleTitleOccurrence, composition and function of intracellular calcium phosphate granules in the musculature of nephtyid polychaetes (Annelida) Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 66 343–365 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL28Xktl2lt7s%3D
G. K. Colbath (1986) ArticleTitleJaw mineralogy in eunicean polychaetes (Annelida) Micropaleontology 32 186–189
G. K. Colbath (1987) ArticleTitleEvidence for shedding of maxillary jaws in eunicoid polychaetes Journal of Natural History 21 443–447
G. K. Colbath (1988) ArticleTitleTaphonomy of recent polychaete jaws from Florida and Belize Micropaleontology 34 83–89
C. Croneis H. W. Scott (1933) ArticleTitleScolecodonts Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 44 207
R. P. Dales (1957) ArticleTitleThe feeding mechanism and structure of the gut of Owenia fusiformis D.Ch Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 36 81–89
R. P. Dales (1962) ArticleTitleThe polychaete stomodeum and the inter-relationship of the families of Polychaeta Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 139 389–428
R. P. Dales (1963) Annelids Hutchison University Library London 200
Dales, R. P., 1977. The Polychaete stomodeum and phylogeny. In Reish, D. J. & K. Fauchald (eds), Essays on Polychaetous Annelids in Memory of Dr. Olga Hartman. Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles: 525–546
D. Damas (1987) ArticleTitleÉtude cytologique, histochimique et microanalytique des pieces maxillaires d’Ophryotrocha puerilis (Annélide, Polychète, Eunicidae) Bulletin of the Zoological Society of France 111 61–73
J. Del Castello M. Anderson D.S. Smith (1972) ArticleTitleProventriculus of a marine annelid: muscle preparation with the longest recorded sarcomere Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 69 1669–1672
D. Desbruyères (1978) ArticleTitleUn Ampharetidae (Annélides Polychètes sédentaires) à structure buccale aberrante: Gnathampharete paradoxa gen., sp. n Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences Paris, D 286 281–284
H. Düsing (1961) ArticleTitleDie Umwandlung des Kauapparates in Abhängigkeit vom sexuellen Zustand bei Ophryotrocha puerilis Claparde et Metschnikoff Naturwissenschaften 3 532–533
Eeckhaut, I. & D. Lanterbec, 2005. Myzostomida. A review of the phylogeny and ultrastructure. Hydrobiologia 535/536 (Dev. Hydrobiol. 179): 251–273
Ehlers, E. 1864–1868. Die Borstenwürmer nach systematischen und anatomischen Untersuchungen dargestellt. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig: 1–748
E. Ehlers (1868) ArticleTitleÜber eine fossile Eunice aus Solnhofen (Eunicites avitus) nebst Bemerkungen über fossile Würmer überhaupt Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie 18 421–443
H. Eisig (1914) ArticleTitleZur Systematik, Anatomie und Morphologie der Ariciiden nebst Beiträgen zur generellen Systematik Mitteilungen aus der zoologischen Station zu Neapel 21 153–593
D. Eibye-Jacobsen R. M. Kristensen (1994) ArticleTitleA new species and genus of Dorvilleidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from Bermuda, with a phylogenetic analysis of Dorvilleidae, Iphitimidae and Dinophilidae Zoologica Scripta 23 107–131 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1463-6409.1994.tb00379.x
K. Fauchald P. A. Jumars (1979) ArticleTitleThe diet of worms: a study of polychaete feeding guilds Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review 17 193–284
P. Fauvel (1959) Classe des Annélides Polychètes P.-P. Grassé (Eds) Traité de Zoologie, Vol. 5 Masson Paris 13–196
S.R. Gelder R.F. Uglow (1973) ArticleTitleFeeding and gut structure in Nerilla antennata (Annelida: Archiannelida) Journal of Zoology 171 225–237
P.E. Gibbs G.W. Bryan (1980a) ArticleTitleCopper – the major metal component of glycerid polychaete jaws Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 60 205–214 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3cXitFaisL4%3D
P.E. Gibbs G.W. Bryan (1980b) ArticleTitleA note on the element composition of the jaws of Goniada maculata (Polychaeta: Goniadidae) Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 60 541–542 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3cXks1KltrY%3D
O. Hartman (1944) ArticleTitlePolychaetous annelids. Part V. Eunicea Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions 10 1–238
G. Hartmann-Schröder (1958) ArticleTitleZur Morphologie der Opheliiden (Polychaeta sedentaria) Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie 161 84–143
G. Hartmann-Schröder (1967) ArticleTitleFeinbau und Funktion des Kieferapparates der Euniciden am Beispiel von Eunice (Palola) siciliensis Grube (Polychaeta) Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 64 5–27
P. Heffernan (1988) ArticleTitleUltrastructural and histochemical studies of the digestive system of Pholoë minuta (Polychaeta: Sigalionidae) Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 68 447–464
W. Heimler (1983) ArticleTitleUntersuchungen zur Larvalentwicklung von Lanice conchilega (Pallas) 1766 (Polychaeta/Terebellomorpha) Teil III. Bau und Struktur der Aulophora-Larve Zoologische Jahrbücher. Anatomie 110 411–478
B. Hilbig J. A. Blake (1991) ArticleTitleDorvilleidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the U.S. Atlantic slope and rise. Description of two new genera and 14 new species, with a genric revision of Ophryotrocha Zoologica Scripta 20 147–183 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1463-6409.1991.tb00281.x
H.-L. Hsieh J. L. Simon (1987) ArticleTitleLarval development of Kinbergonuphis simoni, with a summary of development patterns in the family Onuphidae (Polychaeta) Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington 7 194–210
B.G.M. Jamieson (1992) Oligochaeta F.W. Harrison S.L. Gardiner (Eds) Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates. Vol. 7 Annelida Wiley-Liss New York 217–322
J. B. Jennings S. R. Gelder (1969) ArticleTitleFeeding and digestion in Dinophilus gyrociliatus (Annelida, Archiannelida) Journal of Zoology 158 441–457 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1469-7998.1969.tb02161.x
J. B. Jennings S. R. Gelder (1976) ArticleTitleObservations on the feeding mechanism, diet and digestive physiology of Histriobdella homari van Veneden 1958: an aberrant polychaete symbiotic with North American and European lobsters Biological Bulletin 151 489–517
C. Jeuniaux (1969) Nutrition and Digestion M. Florkin B. T. Scheer (Eds) Chemical Zoology. Vol. 4 Academic Press London 69–91
C. Jouin (1967) ArticleTitleÉtude morphologique et anatomique de Nerillidopsis hyalina Jouin et de quelques Nerillidium Remane (Archiannélides Nerillidae) Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Genérale 108 97–110
C. Jouin (1968) ArticleTitleSexualité et biologie de la reproduction chez Mesonerilla Remane and Meganerilla Boaden (Archiannélides Nerillidae) Cahiers de Biologie Marine 9 31–52
C. Jouin (1978a) ArticleTitleAnatomical and ultrastructural study of the pharyngeal bulb in Protodrilus (Polychaeta, Archiannelida). I. Muscles and myo-epithelial junctions Tissue and Cell 10 269–287 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaE1c3ivFChtA%3D%3D
C. Jouin (1978b) ArticleTitleAnatomical and ultrastructural study of the pharyngeal bulb in Protodrilus (Polychaeta, Archiannelida). II. The stomodeal epithelium and its cuticle Tissue and Cell 10 289–301 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaE1c3ivFChtQ%3D%3D
C. Jouin (1979) ArticleTitleDescription of a free-living polychaete without gut: Astomus taenioides n.gen., n. sp. (Protodrilidae, Archiannelida) Canadian Journal of Zoology 57 2448–2456
C. Jouin (1992) ArticleTitleThe ultrastructure of a gutless annelid, Parenterodrilus gen. nov. taenioides (=Astomus taenioides) (Polychaeta, Protodrilidae) Canadian Journal of Zoology 70 1833–1848 Occurrence Handle10.1139/z92-250
P. Jumars (1974) ArticleTitleA generic revision of the Dorvilleidae (Polychaeta), with six new species from the deep North Pacific Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 54 101–135 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1096-3642.1974.tb00794.x
S. Kielan-Jaworowska (1966) ArticleTitlePolychaete jaw apparatuses from the Ordovician and Silurian of Poland and a comparison with modern forms Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 16 1–125
J. B. Kirkegaard (1970) ArticleTitleAge determination of Nephtys (Polychaeta: Nephtydae) Ophelia 7 447–496
R. Kozlowski (1956) ArticleTitleSur quelques appareils masticateurs des Annélides Polychètes Ordoviciens Acta Paleontologica Polonica 1 3–16
H. Kozur (1970) ArticleTitleZur Klassifikation und phylogenetischen Entwicklung der fossilen Phyllodocida und Eunicida (Polychaeta) Freiburger Forschungsheft C 260 35–81
R. M. Kristensen T. Niilonen (1982) ArticleTitleStructural studies on Diurodrilus Remane (Diurodrilidae fam. n.), with description of Diurodrilus westheidei sp.n. from the arctic interstitial meiobenthos, W. Greenland Zoologica Scripta 11 1–12
Lanzaveccchia, G., M. de Eguileor & R. Valvassori, 1988. Muscles. In Westheide, W. & C. O. Hermans (eds), The Ultrastructure of Polychaeta. Microfauna Marina 4: 71–88
F. Licher (1999) ArticleTitleRevision der Gattung Typosyllis Langerhans, 1879 (Polychaeta: Syllidae). Morphologie, Taxonomie und Phylogenie Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 551 1–336
Mackie, A. S. Y., 1994. Adercodon pleijeli gen. et.sp. nov. (Polychaeta, Ampharetidae) from the Mediterranean Sea. In Dauvin, J. C., L. Laubier & D. Reish (eds), Actes de la 4ème Conferénce internationale des Polychètes. Mémoires du Muséum National d’histoire Naturelle 162: 243–250
P. Martin (2001) ArticleTitleOn the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 268 1089–1098 Occurrence Handle10.1098/rspb.2001.1616 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXltVOjur8%3D
C. Michel (1972) ArticleTitleÉtude ultrastructurale et histochimique des papilles de la gaine de la trompe de Notomastus latericus Sars (Annélide Polychète Sédentaire) Zeitschrift für Zellforschung 128 428–503
C. Michel (1978) ArticleTitleÉtude histologique, histochimique et cytologique du stomodeum chez le Polychète Sédentaire, Audouinia tentaculata (Montagu) Cahiers de Biologie Marine 19 433–446
Michel, C., 1988. Intestine. In Westheide, W., & C. O. Hermans (eds), The Ultrastructure of the Polychaeta. Microfauna Marina 4: 157–175
C. Michel E. J. DeVillez (1978) Digestion P. J. Mill (Eds) Physiology of Annelids Academic Press London 509–554
C. Michel M.-T. Fonze-Vignaux M.-F. Voss-Foucart (1973) ArticleTitleDonnées nouvelles sur la morphologie, l’histochimie et la composition chimique des mâchoires de Glycera convoluta Keferstein (Annélide, Polychète) Bulletin biologique de France et de la Belgique 107 301–321 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaE2c3ot1anuw%3D%3D
P. Mierzejewski (1978) ArticleTitleMolting of the jaws of the early Paleozoic Eunicida (Annelida: Polychaeta) Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 23 73–88
P. Mierzejewski (1984) ArticleTitleSycnlinophora synclinalis Eisenack – the oldest arabellid polychaete Review of Paleobotany and Palynology 43 285–292
P. Mierzejewski G. Mierzejewska (1975) ArticleTitleXenognath type of polychaete jaw apparatuses Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 20 437–443
H. Müller (1962) ArticleTitleÜber die Sexualität des Polychaeten Ophryotrocha puerilis, ihre Determination und Kauapparatentwicklung Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere 52 1–32
M. C. M. Müller (2002) ArticleTitleAristonerilla: a new nerillid genus (Annelida: Polychaeta) with description of Aristonerilla (Micronerilla) brevis comb. nov. from a seawater aquarium Cahiers de Biologie Marine 43 131–139
M. Müller J. M. Bernhard C. Jouin-Toulmond (2001) ArticleTitleA new member of Nerillidae (Annelida: Polychaeta), Xenonerilla bactericola gen. et sp. nov., collected off California. USA Cahiers de Biologie Marine 42 203–217
H. v. Nordheim (1987) ArticleTitlePetrotrocha notogaea gen. et sp. n., a neotenic interstitial polychaete (Dorvilleidae) from the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand Zoologica Scripta 16 33–38 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1463-6409.1987.tb00049.x
P. J. W. Olive (1977) ArticleTitleThe life-history and population structure of the polychaetes Nephtys caeca and Nephtys hombergii with special reference to growth rings in the teeth Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 57 133–150 Occurrence Handle10.1017/S0025315400021299
P. J. W. Olive (1980) Growth lines in Polychaeta jaws D. C. Rhoads R. A. Luts (Eds) Skeletal Growth of Aquatic Organisms Plenum New York 561–592
J.M. Orensanz (1990) ArticleTitleThe eunicemorph polychaete annelids from antarctic and subantarctic seas. With addenda to the Eunicemorpha of Argentina, Chile, New Zealand, Australia, and the Southern Indian Ocean Biology of the Antarctic Seas 21 1–183
L. Orrhage (1964) ArticleTitleAnatomische und morphologische Studien über die Polychaetenfamilien Spionidae, Disomidae und Poecilochaetidae Zoologiska Bidrag fran Uppsala 36 335–405
L. Orrhage (2001) ArticleTitleOn the anatomy of the central nervous system and the morphological value of the anterior appendages of Ampharetidae, Pectinariidae and Terebellidae (Polychaeta) Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 82 57–71 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1463-6395.2001.00070.x
Orrhage, L. & M. C. M. Müller, 2005. Morphology of the nervous system of Polychaeta. Hydrobiologia 535/536 (Dev. Hydrobiol. 179): 79–111
U. Oster (1986) ArticleTitleMicrofilament-supported macrovilli in the hindgut of the polychaete Dinophilus gyrociliatus Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 41 1139–1143
Pander, C. H., 1856. Monographie der fossilen Fische des Silurischen Systems des Russisch-Baltischen Gouvernements. St. Petersbourg: 1–91
H. Paxton (1980) ArticleTitleJaw growth and replacement in Polychaeta Journal of Natural History 14 543–546
H. Paxton (2000) Eunicida P. L. Beesly G. J. B. Ross C. J. Glasby (Eds) Polychaetes and Allies: The Southern Synthesis. Fauna of Australia. Vol. 4A. Polychaeta, Myzostomida, Pogonophora, Echiura, Sipuncula CSIRO Melbourne 89–104
G. Purschke (1985a) ArticleTitleAnatomy and ultrastructure of the ventral pharyngeal organs and their phylogenetic importance in Polychaeta (Annelida). I. The pharynx of the Dinophilidae Zoomorphology 105 223–239 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00311966
G. Purschke (1985b) ArticleTitleAnatomy and ultrastructure of the ventral pharyngeal organs and their phylogenetic importance in Polychaeta (Annelida). II. The pharynx of the Nerillidae Microfauna Marina 2 23–60
G. Purschke (1987a) ArticleTitleAnatomy and ultrastructure of the ventral pharyngeal organs and their phylogenetic importance in Polychaeta (Annelida). III. The pharynx of the Parergodrilidae Zoologische Jahrbücher für Anatomie 115 331–362
G. Purschke (1987b) ArticleTitleAnatomy and ultrastructure of the ventral pharyngeal organs and their phylogenetic importance in Polychaeta (Annelida). IV. The pharynx and jaws of the Dorvilleidae Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 68 83–105
Purschke, G. 1988a. Pharynx. In Westheide, W. & C. O. Hermans (eds), The ultrastructure of Polychaeta. Microfauna Marina 4: 177–197
G. Purschke (1988b) ArticleTitleAnatomy and ultrastructure of the ventral pharyngeal organs and their phylogenetic importance in Polychaeta (Annelida). V. The pharynges of the Ctenodrilidae and Orbiniidae Zoomorphology 108 119–135 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00539787
G. Purschke (1999) ArticleTitleTerrestrial polychaetes – models for the evolution of the Clitellata (Annelida)? Hydrobiologia 406 87–99 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1003780032497
G. Purschke (2002) ArticleTitleOn the ground pattern of Annelida Organisms Diversity and Evolution 2 181–196
G. Purschke (2003) ArticleTitleIs Hrabeiella periglandulata (Annelida, ‘Polychaeta’) the sister-group of Clitellata? Evidence from an ultrastructural analysis of the dorsal pharynx in H. periglandulata and Enchytraeus minutus (Annelida: Clitellata) Zoomorphology 122 55–66
G. Purschke C. Jouin (1988) ArticleTitleAnatomy and ultrastructure of the ventral pharyngeal organs of Saccocirrus (Saccocirridae) and Protodriloides (Protodriloidae fam. n.) with remarks on the phylogenetic relationships within the Protodrilida (Annelida: Polychaeta) Journal of Zoology, London 215 1–28 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1469-7998.1988.tb02849.x
G. Purschke A. B. Tzetlin (1996) ArticleTitleDorsolateral ciliary folds in the polychaete foregut: structure, prevalence and phylogenetic significance Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 77 33–49
M. E. Rice (1973) ArticleTitleMorphology, behaviour, and histogenesis of the pelagosphera larva of Phascolosoma agassizii (Sipuncula) Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 132 1–51
M. E. Rice (1976) ArticleTitleLarval development and metamorphosis in Sipuncula American Zoologist 16 563–571
M. E. Rice (1985) Sipuncula. Developmental evidence for phylogenetic interference S. Conway Morris J. D. George R. Gibson H. M. Platt (Eds) The origins and relationships of lower invertebrates Clarendon Oxford 274–296
R. M. Rieger (1991) ArticleTitleNeue Organisationstypen aus der Sandlückenfauna: die Lobatocerebriden und Jennaria pulchra Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft 84 247–259
R. M. Rieger G. E. Rieger (1975) ArticleTitleFine structure of the pharyngeal bulb in Trilobodrilus and its phylogenetic significance within Archiannelida Tissue and Cell 7 267–279 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0040-8166(75)90005-1 Occurrence Handle1145607 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaE2M7pvFarsg%3D%3D
E. Rota (1998) ArticleTitleMorphology and adaptations of Parergodrilus Reisinger and Hrabeiella Pizl & Chalupsky, two enigmatic soil-dwelling annelids Italian Journal of Zoology 65 75–84
G. W. Rouse (2000) Morphology and Physiology P. L. Beesly G. J. B. Ross C. J. Glasby (Eds) Polychaetes & Allies: The Southern Synthesis. Fauna of Australia. Vol. 4A. Polychaeta, Myzostomida, Pogonophora, Echiura, Sipuncula CSIRO Melbourne 9–32
G. W. Rouse F. Plejel (2001) Polychaetes Oxford University Press New York 1–354
G. W. Rouse K. Fauchald (1997) ArticleTitleCladistics and polychaetes Zoologica Scripta 26 139–204
C. Saulnier-Michel (1992) Polychaeta: Digestive System F. W. Harrison S. L. Gardiner (Eds) Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates. Vol. 7. Annelida Wiley-Liss New York 53–69
C. Saulnier-Michel G. Gaill A. Hily P. Alberic M. A. Cosson-Mannevy (1990) ArticleTitleStructure and functions of the digestive tract of Alvinella pompejana, a hydrothermal vent polychaete Canadian Journal of Zoology 68 722–732 Occurrence Handle10.1139/z90-105
Schmidt, P. & W. Westheide, 1972. Dinophilus gyrociliatus (Polychaeta). Nahrungsaufnahme und Fortpflanzung. Begleitveröffentlichung zum Film E1750. Encyclopaedia Cinematographica: 1–16
D. S. Smith J. Del Castillo M. Anderson (1973) ArticleTitleFine structure and innervation of an annelid with the longest recorded sarcomere Tissue and Cell 5 281–302 Occurrence Handle4725310 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaE3s3js1OqsA%3D%3D
P. R. Smith (1992) Polychaeta: Excretory system F. W. Harrison S. L. Gardiner (Eds) Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates. Vol. 7. Annelida Wiley-Liss New York 71–108
Southward, E.C., A. Schulze & S. L. Gardiner, 2005. Pogonophora (Annelida): Form and function. Hydrobiologia 535/536 (Dev. Hydrobiol. 179): 225–249
T. H. Struck W. Westheide G. Purschke (2002) ArticleTitleProgenesis in Eunicida (‘Polychaeta’, Annelida) separate evolutionary events? Evidence from molecular data Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 25 190–199 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00231-2 Occurrence Handle12383760 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XnsVeqsrg%3D
H. Szaniawski (1974) ArticleTitleSome mesozoic scolecodonts congeneric with recent forms Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 19 179–199
H. Szaniawski R. Wrona (1987) ArticleTitlePolychaete jaws from the Cape Melville formation (Lower Miocene) of King George Island, West Antarctica Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49 105–125
A. B. Tzetlin (1980a) ArticleTitleTwo new species of the fam. Dorvilleidae from the White and the Barents Seas Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 59 1817–1822
A. B. Tzetlin (1980b) ArticleTitleOphryotrocha schubravyi sp.n. and the problem of evolution of the mouth parts in the Eunicemorpha (Polychaeta) Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 59 666–670
A. B. Tzetlin (1987) ArticleTitleFine morphology of the pharynx apparatus in the larvae of Nicolea zostericola (Polychaeta, Terebellidae) Doklady Akademia Nauk SSSR 293 1505–1509
A. B. Tzetlin (1989) ArticleTitleMorphological analysis of the structure of the feeding apparatus in polychaetes of the genus Praxillura (Maldanidae) Doklady Academia Nauk SSSR 309 757–760
Tzetlin, A. B., 1990. To the taxonomical status of the Lumbrineris Blainville (Polychaeta: Lumbrineridae) from the White Sea. In: Biological Resource of the White Sea, Izdatel’stvo Moskovskogo Universiteta, Moscow: 99–107 (in Russian)
A. B. Tzetlin (1991) ArticleTitleEvolution of feeding apparatus in the polychaetes of the order Capitellida Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 70 10–22
Tzetlin, A. B., 1994. Fine morphology of the feeding apparatus of Cossura sp. (Polychaeta: Cossuridae) from the White Sea. In Dauvin, J. C., L. Labier & D. Reish (eds), Actes de la 4ème Conferénce internationale des Polychètes. Mémoires du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. 162: 137–143
A. B. Tzetlin V. V. Larionov (1988) ArticleTitleMorphology of a new archiannelid Akessoniella orientalis gen. et. sp.n. (Nerillidae) Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 67 846–857
A. B. Tzetlin M. V. Saphonov (1992) ArticleTitleTrochonerilla mobilis gen. et sp. n. – a meiofaunal nerillid (Annelida: Polychaeta) from a marine aquarium in Moscow Zoologica Scripta 21 251–254 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1463-6409.1992.tb00329.x
A. B. Tzetlin E. G. Zavarzina M. V. Saphonov (1987) ArticleTitleMorphofunctional analysis of the pharyngeal structures of the several annelids Doklady Academia Nauk SSSR 294 1008–1011
A. B. Tzetlin G. Purschke W. Westheide M. V. Saphonov (1992) ArticleTitleUltrastructure of enteronephridia and general description of the alimentary canal in Trochonerilla mobilis and Nerillidium troglochaetoides (Polychaeta: Nerillidae) Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 73 163–176 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1463-6395.1992.tb01184.x
Uebelacker, J. M. & P. G. Johnson, 1984. Taxonomic guide to the polychaetes of the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Vol. VI. Barry A Vittor & Associates, Mobile: 39-1–44-37
W. Westheide H. v. Nordheim (1985) ArticleTitleInterstital Dorvilleidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Europe, Australia and New Zealand Zoologica Scripta 14 183–199
Westheide, W. & P. Schmidt, 1974. Trilobodrilus axi (Polychaeta). Nahrungsaufnahme und Fortpflanzung. Begleitveröffentlichung zum Film E1955. Encyclopaedia Cinematographica 1–12
W. Westheide R. M. Rieger (1978) ArticleTitleultrastructure of hesionid polychaetes (Annelida) Zoomorphologie 91 1–18
W. Westheide N. W. Riser (1983) ArticleTitleMorphology and phylogenetic relationships of the neotenic interstitial polychaete Apodotrocha progenerans n. gen.,n. sp. (Annelida) Zoomorphology 103 67–87 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00312239
W. Westheide M. C. Müller (1996) ArticleTitleCinematographic documentation of enchytraeid morphology and reproductive biology Hydrobiologia 334 263–267 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00017376
B. M. H. Winnepenninckx Y. Peer Particlevan de T. Backeljau (1998) ArticleTitleMetazoa relationships on the basis of 18S rRNA sequences: a few years later ... American Zoologist 38 888–906
J. C. Wissocq (1974) ArticleTitleÉtude ultrastructurale d’un organe musculaire constitué de fibres possédant les plus longs sarcomères du règne animal: Le proventricule des Syllidiens (Annélides Polychètes) Journal de Microscopie 19 285–306
G. Wolf (1980) ArticleTitleMorphologische Untersuchungen an den Kieferapparaten einiger rezenter und fossiler Eunicoidea (Polychaeta) Senckenbergiana maritima 12 1–182
P. S. Wolf (1986) ArticleTitleFour new genera of Dorvilleidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Gulf of Mexico Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 99 616–626
T. Wolff M. E. Petersen (1991) ArticleTitleA brief biography of A. S. Ørsted, with notes on his travels in the West Indies and Central America and illustrations of collected polychaetes Ophelia Supplement 5 669–685
Zaslavskaya, N. M., 1989. Reconstruction of the phylogenesis of the family Hartmaniellidae (Polychaeta). In: Phylogenetic aspects of Paleontology, 35th session of the USSR Paleontological Society, Moscow. Abstracts: 18–19
E. G. Zavarzina A. B. Tzetlin (1986) ArticleTitleBiology of Ophryotrocha dimorphica sp.n. (Polychaeta, Eunincida) from Peter the Great Bay (the Japan Sea) Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 65 1808–1817
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tzetlin, A., Purschke, G. Pharynx and intestine. Hydrobiologia 535, 199–225 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-004-1431-z
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-004-1431-z