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Epidemiology and outcome of the cardio-renal syndrome

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An Erratum to this article was published on 10 May 2011

Abstract

Cardiac and kidney disease are common, increasingly encountered and often co-exist. Recently, the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Working Group convened a consensus conference to develop a classification scheme for the CRS and for five discrete subtypes. These CRS subtypes likely share pathophysiologic mechanisms, however, also have distinguishing clinical features, in terms of precipitating events, risk identification, natural history and outcomes. Knowledge of the epidemiology of heart–kidney interaction stratified by the proposed CRS subtypes is increasingly important for understanding the overall burden of disease for each CRS subtype, along with associated morbidity, mortality and health resource utilization. Likewise, an understanding of the epidemiology of CRS is necessary for characterizing whether there exists important knowledge gaps and to aid the in the design of clinical studies. In the most recent European and American guidelines for heart failure management, acute kidney injury and dysfunction were considered an index of poor prognosis. Paradoxically, however, in many randomized trials of interventions for patients with heart failure, those with kidney injury or dysfunction are often excluded. This review will provide a summary of the epidemiology of the cardio-renal syndrome and its subtypes.

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Acknowledgments

Dr. Bagshaw is supported by a Clinical Investigator Award from the Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research. Dr. Cruz is supported by a fellowship from the International Society of Nephrology.

Conflict of interest

None to declare.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy

    Dinna N. Cruz & Claudio Ronco

  2. Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA

    Mihai Gheorghiade

  3. Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Cardiology Section, University of Sienna, Sienna, Italy

    Alberto Palazuolli

  4. Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, 3C1.12 Walter C. Mackenzie Centre, 8440-122 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G2B7, Canada

    Sean M. Bagshaw

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  1. Dinna N. Cruz
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  2. Mihai Gheorghiade
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  3. Alberto Palazuolli
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  4. Claudio Ronco
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  5. Sean M. Bagshaw
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Correspondence to Sean M. Bagshaw.

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An erratum to this article can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10741-011-9251-5

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Cruz, D.N., Gheorghiade, M., Palazuolli, A. et al. Epidemiology and outcome of the cardio-renal syndrome. Heart Fail Rev 16, 531–542 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-010-9223-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-010-9223-1

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