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Generation of new salt-tolerant wheat lines and transcriptomic exploration of the responsive genes to ethylene and salt stress

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Abstract

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important staple crops. Most of wheat varieties are sensitive to salt stress, which is a major limitation for wheat production. To develop salt-tolerant wheat varieties for sustainable grain production, we used ethylmethylsulfonate to mutagenize over 90,000 seeds of the wheat cultivar Luyuan502. A total of 2000 salt-tolerant lines were identified after screening the plants in a salinized field. We further analyzed ethylene sensitivity, salt related physiological changes, and preliminary crop yield of the selected plants. We found 11 salt-tolerant lines exhibiting ethylene insensitivity and high grain production. Transcriptome analysis revealed 3278 differently expressed genes (DEGs) in the selected mutants, including the ones encoding CABs, PERs/PODs, BGLUs, CYP707s, and ZEPs. Most of DEGs may be involved in photosynthesis, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, cyanoamino acid metabolism, carotenoid biosynthesis, thiamine metabolism, and cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis pathways. In addition, 9 novel ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTORs (ERFs) were identified and analyzed in the mutants. These ERFs may play critical roles in ethylene response and salt tolerance. The mutant lines with decreased ethylene sensitivity exhibited enhanced salt tolerance, suggesting that ethylene sensitivity was closely related with salt tolerance.

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Data availability

The FASTQ files of raw data were uploaded to the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA), and the SRA study accession is PRJNA549107.

Abbreviations

ABA:

Abscisic acid

ACC:

Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate

AUX:

Auxin

BGLU:

Beta-glucosidase

BR:

Brassinosteroid

CAB:

Chlorophyll a-b binding protein

CAT:

Catalase

CK:

Cytokinin

CTR:

Constitutive triple response

CYP:

Cytochrome P450

DEG:

Differentially expressed gene

EBF:

EIN3 binding F-box

EIL:

EIN3-like

EIN:

Ethylene insensitive

EMS:

Ethylmethylsulfonate

ERF:

Ethylene response factor

ET:

Ethylene

ETO:

Ethylene overproducer

ETR:

Ethylene response

FDR:

False discovery rate

GA:

Gibberellin

GO:

Gene ontology

JA:

Jasmonate

KEGG:

Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes

MDA:

Malonic dialdehyde

NCED:

9-Cis-epoxycaroteniod dioxygenase

PER:

Peroxidase

POD:

Peroxidase

RABT:

Reference annotation based transcript

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SA:

Salicylic acid

SL:

Strigolactone

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

THI:

Hydroxymethylpyrimidine

ZEP:

Zeaxanthin epoxidase

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Acknowledgements

We thank Dr. Guoqing Song (Michigan State University) for his revision of the manuscript. Contributions by Wenqiang Pan, Yang Xue, Jiacai Chen, Jingli Yang, Jinnan Song, Yaqi Wang, Xuehua Liu, Zhongxin Wang, Longfei Qiao, Yuhang Zhao, and the others for mutagenesis and plant growth are greatly appreciated.

Funding

This work was supported by Shandong Agricultural Variety Project (2019LZGC015), Shandong Natural Science Foundation (ZR2019MC061), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31870255) to CHD, and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31900247) to QM.

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  1. Qian Ma, Huajian Zhou and Xinying Sui have made equal contribution.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People’s Republic of China

    Qian Ma, Huajian Zhou, Xinying Sui, Chunxue Su, Yanchong Yu, Hongbing Yang & Chun-Hai Dong

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Contributions

QM worked on transcriptome analysis, statistical analysis, and writing of first version of the manuscript. HZ contributed on EMS mutagenesis and physiological experiments. XS and CS worked on qRT-PCR analysis. YY worked on mutant screening. CHD participated in design of the experiments and revision of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Chun-Hai Dong.

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Communicated by Longbiao Guo.

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Supplementary Information

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Germination rates of the EMS-mutagenized wheat seeds. Supplementary material 1 (TIFF 14,573 kb)

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 17 kb)

The annotation information of DEGs in the multiple comparisons. Supplementary material 1 (XLS 1755 kb)

The GO annotation of DEGs in the multiple comparisons. Supplementary material 1 (XLS 156 kb)

The KEGG annotation of DEGs in the multiple comparisons. Supplementary material 1 (XLS 85 kb)

The sequence templates of DEGs used in qRT-PCR verification. Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 20 kb)

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 18 kb)

10725_2021_694_MOESM8_ESM.docx

The CDS sequences and full DNA sequences of ERFs in response to ethylene and salt stress. Supplementary material 1 DOCX 23 kb)

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 19 kb)

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Ma, Q., Zhou, H., Sui, X. et al. Generation of new salt-tolerant wheat lines and transcriptomic exploration of the responsive genes to ethylene and salt stress. Plant Growth Regul 94, 33–48 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-021-00694-9

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