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Genetic diversity in Nordic horseradish, Armoracia rusticana, as revealed by AFLP markers

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Abstract

176 horseradish accessions from the Nordic countries Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden were analysed to estimate the level of genetic diversity and to propose conservation strategies for this cultivated plant. Most of the accessions were collected in old gardens of the Nordic countries but selections from European countries and Danish breeding lines were also included in the study. Since horseradish is mainly vegetative propagated the genetic diversity has been assumed to be small. However, using the AFLP method with three primer combinations we revealed a significant genetic diversity among Nordic horseradish. The analysis yielded 65 polymorphic bands and we found an overall diversity index of 0.5 (Shannon–Weaver). The highest diversity was found among the Finnish accessions followed by the Danish accessions. An overall AMOVA analysis indicated that 90 % of the variation could be explained by among accession variation. The AFLP data assigned the different accessions into groups that corresponded with their country of origin. A closer relationship was observed between the Swedish, Danish and some of the Norwegian accessions while the Finnish accessions separated more clearly from the other three countries. A possible explanation for the diversity is that horseradish probably has been introduced to the Nordic countries at many occasions during a long period of time.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Pia Ohlsson and Alfia Khairullina for conducting the AFLP analysis. We also acknowledge the working group for vegetables at NordGen, Gitte Kjeldsen Bjørn, Terhi Suojala-Ahlfors, Kerstin Olsson and Åsmund Asdal for collecting the accessions and Nordregio for supporting with Nordic maps. This work was financially supported by NordGen, The Swedish Board of Agriculture and “Programmet för odlad mångfald” (Else-Marie Streses project).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Swedish Biodiversity Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 57, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden

    Katarina Wedelsbäck Bladh

  2. Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 102, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden

    Erland Liljeroth

  3. Danish Seed Savers, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Gert Poulsen

  4. Consultant in Statistics, NSDK, Skogsmannavägen 10, 24772, Genarp, Sweden

    Flemming Yndgaard

  5. Nordic Genetic Resource Center, PO Box 41, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden

    Agnese Kolodinska Brantestam

Authors
  1. Katarina Wedelsbäck Bladh
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  2. Erland Liljeroth
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  3. Gert Poulsen
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  4. Flemming Yndgaard
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  5. Agnese Kolodinska Brantestam
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Katarina Wedelsbäck Bladh.

Appendix

Appendix

Collects of horseradish divided by land.

D = collected in Denmark, F = collected in Finland, N = collected in Norway, S = collected in Sweden, collecting place after number and (region), cultivars * and breeding lines**.

The corresponding numbers are found in the maps in Figs. 1 and 2

Norwegian accessions: N1 Vea (Trøndelag), N2 Hageberg (From shop Trøndelag), N3 Vea (Trøndelag), N4 Nesodden (Akershus), N5 Hamar (Hedmark), N6 Ulvik (Hordaland), N7 (Ukjent), N8 Gjøvik (Sogn og Fjordane), N9 Stavanger (Rogaland), N10 Ukjent (Oppland), N11 Arendal (Aust-Agder), N12 Trondheim (Trøndelag), N13 Grimstad (Aust-Agder),N14 Tjøme (Vestfold), N15 Kristiansand (Vest-Agder), N16 Kristiansand (Vest-Agder), N17 Kristiansand (Vest-Agder), N18 Tromsø (Troms), N19 Suldal (Rogaland), N20 Suldal (Rogaland), N21 Gjerstad (Aust-Agder).

Danish accessions: D1 Chesire*, D2 Friesländer*, D3 Israel*, D4 Italy*, D5 Japan*, D6 Malmö*, D7 Mannheim*, D8 Poland*, D9 Sindal*, D10 Swedish*, D11Svejtisk*, D12 USA H28*, D13 USA H30*, D14 Jugoslavia*, D15 Nr 5, D16 Nr 6, D17 Nr 7, D18 Nr 13, D19 Sp.5/68**, D20 Sp. 9/68**, D21 Sp. 12/68**, D22 Sp. 25/70**, D23 Sp. 32/70**, D24 Sp. 34/70**. D25 Sp. 50/70**. D26 Sp. 51/70**, D27 Sp. 55/70**, D28 Skærbæk (Jylland), D29 Ansager) Jylland), D30 Skærbæk (Jylland), D31 Taulov (Jylland), D32 NørreAlslev (Falster) D33 Assens (Fyn) D34 Horne (Fyn) D35 Bøjden (Jylland), D36 Fåborg (Fyn), D37 Fåborg (Fyn), D38 kVærndrup (Jylland), D39 Bogense (Fyn), D40 Hillerød (Sjælland), D41 Karrebæksminde (Sjælland), D42 Søllested (Lolland), D43 Nørager (Jylland), D44 Tarm (Jylland), D45 Fakse (Sjælland), D46 Spøttrup (Fyn), D47 Nørreballe (Lolland), D48 Nørreballe (Lolland), D49 Lemvig (Jylland), D50 Brønshøj (Sjælland), D51 Jerslev (Jylland), D52 Ørum Djurs (Jylland), D53 Højer (Jylland), D54 Allinge (Bornholm), D55 Roskilde (Sjælland), D56 Gråsten (Jylland), D57 Samsø (Samsø), D58 Odense (Fyn).

Finnish accessions: F1 Laitila (Varsinais-Suomi), F2 Orimattila (Päijät-Häme), F3 Lohja (Uusimaa), F4 Piikkiö (Varsinais-Suomi), F5 Piikkiö (Varsinais-Suomi), F6a Säkylä (Satakunta), F7 Kokemäki (Satakunta), F8 Huittinen (Satakunta), F9 Ypäjä (Häme), F10 Jokioinen (Häme), F11 Forssa (Häme), F12 Forssa (Häme), F13 Alajärvi (Etelä-Pohjanmaa), Södra Österbotten), F14 Piikkiö (Varsinais-Suomi), F15 Hattula (Hattula), F16 Haapavesi (Pohjois-Pohjanmaa), F17 Piikkiö (Varsinais-Suomi), F18 Ylöjärvi (Pirkanmaa), F19 Virolahti (Kymenlaakso), F20 Joensuu (Norra Karelen), F21 Helsinki (Usimaa), F22 Porvoo (Itä-Uusimaa), F23 Kouvola (Kymenlaakso), F24 Vehmaa (Varsinais-Suomi), F25 Viborg (Etelä-Karjala), F27* (Varsinais-Suomi).

Swedish accessions: S1 Höganäs (Skåne), S2 Höganäs (Skåne), S4 Teckomatorp (Skåne), S5 Landskrona (Skåne), S6 Stockholm (Sörmland), S8 Hovdala II (Skåne), S9 Stockholm (Sörmland), S10 Vinslöv I (Skåne), S11 HovdalaI (Skåne), S12 Tomelilla (Skåne), S13 Vinslöv II (Skåne), S14 Tomelilla (Skåne), S15 Hudviksvall I (Hälsingland), S16 Vinslöv II (Skåne), S17 Tomelilla (Skåne), S18 Hudviksvall II (Hälsingland), S19 Växjö (Småland), S20 Växjö (Småland), S21 Svalöv (Skåne), S22 Julita (Sörmland), S23 Botkyrka (Sörmland), S24 Eslöv (Skåne), S25 Julita (Sörmland), S26 Buravik (Värmland), S27 Hudviksvall III(Hälsingland), S28 Nacka (Uppland), S29 Urshult (Småland), S30 Trelleborg (Skåne), S31 Huaröd (Skåne), S32 Vislanda (Småland), S33 Urshult (Småland), S34 Urshult (Småland), S35 Tingsryd (Småland), S36 Degeberga (Skåne), S37 Sollefteå (Ångermanland), S38 Skäret (Skåne), S39 Svalöv (Skåne), S40 Tanto (Sörmland), S41 Tanto (Sörmland), S42 Norrköping (Västergötland), S43 Karlskrona (Skåne), S44 Klintehamn (Gotland), S45 Jonstorp (Skåne), S46 Östhammar (Uppland), S47 Östhammar (Uppland), S48 Reslöv (Skåne), S49 Burlöv (Skåne) S50 Önnerup (Skåne), S51 Stenestad (Skåne), S52 Konga (Skåne), S53 Karlskrona (Blekinge), S54 Höör (Skåne), S55 Västervik (Småland), S56 Eslöv (Skåne), S57 Stockholm (Sörmland), S58 Mörbylånga (Öland), S59 Fjärås (Halland), S60 Marks (Västergötland), S61 Rågårdsvik (Bohuslän), S62 Trollhättan (Västergötland), S63 Kumla), S64 Mariefred (Sörmland), S65 Lindesberg (Västmanland), S66 Ödeshög (Östergötland), S67 Båstad (Skåne), S70 Tumba (Sörmland), S71 Mörbylånga (Öland), S72 Mörbylånga (Öland), S73 Enköping (Sörmland), S74 Rällsjö (Dalarna), S75 Stockamöllan (Skåne).

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Wedelsbäck Bladh, K., Liljeroth, E., Poulsen, G. et al. Genetic diversity in Nordic horseradish, Armoracia rusticana, as revealed by AFLP markers. Genet Resour Crop Evol 61, 383–394 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-013-0042-9

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