Abstract
This paper analyses the spatial patterns of internal migration in Russia using data on net migration gain/loss in 2200 municipal formations (MFs) in Russia for the 2012–2013 period. These MFs are grouped into age categories that correspond with different life-course stages. We define 16 classes of MFs with similar migration balance patterns for multiple age groups and characterize the most typical classes. The results of our analysis show that age-specific migration patterns are determined by the spatial characteristics of MFs—in particular, a municipality’s localization in the centreperiphery system and the advantages of the geographic location (e.g., resort area, natural resources). We find that a city’s population size and administrative status are also important migration factors. In addition, we reveal differences in inter-regional and intra-regional migration and define their structural characteristics. An analysis of age-specific net migration contributes to our understanding of internal migration factors and allows us to assess the impact of migration on a municipality’s age structure. In large cities and regional centres, migration results in younger populations, while in peripheral areas, it speeds up population ageing. In most of the MFs that we analysed, the migration of youth and adults ‘moves’ in opposite directions. This factor accelerates the impact of migration on the population age structure in areas of destination and origin and significantly influences a municipality’s current and prospective demographic parameters as well as the population’s patterns of settlement and spatial concentration or de-concentration both nationally and regionally.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
An urban okrug is an administrative-territorial unit that includes one or more urban settlements and subordinate rural settlements. In this paper, we use the urban okrug as a statistical category. The Russian typology of cities by population size only takes into account the urban population, ignoring the population of subordinate territories. We also use the term ‘city’ to refer to its spatial location.
A municipal district is an administrative-territorial unit that includes urban and rural populations. A number of municipal districts include only rural populations. We did not consider intra-urban municipal districts in our analysis.
References
Argent, N., & Walmsley, J. (2008). Rural youth migration trends in Australia: An overview of recent trends and two inland case studies. Geographical Research, 46(2), 139–152. doi:10.1111/j.1745-5871.2008.00505.x.
Bailey, A. (2009). Population geography: Lifecourse matters. Progress in Human Geography, 33(3), 407–418. doi:10.1177/0309132508096355.
Bell, M., & Ward, G. (2000). Comparing permanent migration with temporary mobility. Tourism Geographies, 2(1), 97–107. doi:10.1080/146166800363466.
Born, K., Goltz, E., & Saupe, G. (2004). Wanderungsmotive zugewanderter Älterer menschen. Raumforschung und Raumordnung, 62(2), 109–120. doi:10.1007/BF03184363.
Cadieux, K., & Hurley, P. (2011). Amenity migration, exurbia, and emerging rural landscapes: Global natural amenity as place and as process. GeoJournal, 76(4), 297–302. doi:10.1007/s10708-009-9335-0.
Champion, T., & Hugo, G. (2004). Introduction: Moving beyond the urban-rural dichotomy. In T. Champion & G. Hugo (Eds.), New forms of urbanization: Beyond the urban–rural dichotomy (pp. 3–24). Aldershot: Ashgate.
Clark, W., & Withers, S. (2007). Family migration and mobility sequences in the United States: Spatial mobility in the context of the life course. Demographic Research, 17(20), 591–622. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2007.17.20.
Cooke, T. (2008). Migration in a family way. Population, Space and Place, 14(4), 255–265. doi:10.1002/psp.500.
Dennett, A., & Stillwell, J. (2011). A new area classification for understanding internal migration in Britain. Population Trends, 145(1), 146–171. doi:10.1057/pt.2011.22.
Elzinga, C., & Liefbroer, A. (2007). De-standardization of family-life trajectories of young adults: A cross-national comparison using sequence analysis. European Journal of Population, 23(3–4), 225–250. doi:10.1007/s10680-007-9133-7.
Fielding, A. (1989). Inter-regional migration and social change: A study of south east england based upon data from the longitudinal study. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 14(1), 24–36. doi:10.2307/622340.
Fielding, A. (1993). Migration and the metropolis: Recent research on the causes of migration to southeast England. Progress in Human Geography, 17(2), 195–212. doi:10.1177/030913259301700204.
Fuguitt, G., & Heaton, T. (1995). The impact of migration on the nonmetropolitan population age structure, 1960–1990. Population Research and Policy Review, 14(2), 215–232. doi:10.1007/BF01074459.
Geist, C., & McManus, P. (2008). Geographical mobility over the life course: Motivations and implications. Population, Space and Place, 14(4), 283–303. doi:10.1002/psp.508.
Goetzke, F., & Rave, T. (2013). Migration in Germany: A life cycle approach. International Regional Science Review, 36(2), 167–182. doi:10.1177/0160017611435358.
Gurrutxaga, M. (2013). Changes in rural–urban sex ratio differences in the young professional age group as an indicator of social sustainability in rural areas: a case study of continental Spain, 2000–2010. Area Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers), 45(3), 337–347. doi:10.1111/area.12024.
Halfacree, K., & Boyle, P. (1993). The challenge facing migration research: The case for a biographical approach. Progress in Human Geography, 17(3), 333–348. doi:10.1177/030913259301700303.
Heleniak, T. (2009). The role of attachment to place in migration decisions of the population of the Russian North. Polar Geography, 32(1–2), 31–60. doi:10.1080/10889370903000398.
Jeffery, L., & Murison, J. (2011). The temporal, social, spatial, and legal dimensions of return and onward migration. Population, Space and Place, 17(2), 131–139. doi:10.1002/psp.606.
Kalogirou, S. (2005). Examining and presenting trends of internal migration flows within England and wales. Population, Space and Place, 11(4), 283–297. doi:10.1002/psp.376.
Kley, S. (2011). Explaining the stages of migration within a life-course framework. European Sociological Review, 27(4), 469–486. doi:10.1093/esr/jcq020.
Kok, H. (1999). Migration from the city to the countryside in Hungary and Poland. GeoJournal, 49(1), 53–62. doi:10.1023/A:1007092228633.
Kulu, H., & Milewski, N. (2007). Family migration in the life course: An introduction. Demographic Research, 17(19), 567–590. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2007.17.19.
Kupiszewski, M., Durham, H., & Rees, P. (1998). Internal Migration and Urban Change in Poland. European Journal of Population, 14(3), 265–290. doi:10.1023/A:1006058712865.
Little, J., & Rogers, A. (2007). What can the age composition of a population tell us about the age composition of its out-migrants? Population, Space and Place, 13(1), 23–39. doi:10.1002/psp.440.
Makhrova, A. (2014). The Role of Organized Cottage Settlements in Suburbanization in Post-Soviet Russia. Russian Academy of Sciences Bulletin. Geography Series, 4, 49–59. doi:10.15356/0373-2444-2014-4-49-59. (Mahrova, A. (2014). Rol’ organizovannyh kottedzhnyh poselkov v razvitii suburbanizacii postsovetskoj Rossii. Izvestija Rossijskoj akademii nauk. Serija geograficheskaja, 4, 49–59. doi:10.15356/0373-2444-2014-4-49-59, rus.)
Mkrtchyan, N. (2014). On the Impact of Migration on the Age Composition of the Population of Regions, Cities and Administrative Districts of Russia. In A. Korovkin (Ed.), Scientific Articles—Institute of Economic Forecasting Russian Academy of Sciences (pp.381–396). Moscow: MAKS Press. (Mkrtchyan, N. (2014). O vlijanii migracii na vozrastnoj sostav naselenija regionov, gorodov i rajonov Rossii. In A. Korovkin (Redaktor), Nauchnye trudy: Institut narodnohozjajstvennogo prognozirovanija RAN (pp.381–396). Moskva: MAKS Press, rus.)
Mkrtchyan, N., & Karachurina, L. (2014). Internal Migration in Russia. In Edited by Vishnevsky A.G. Population of Russia 2012: Twentieth Annual Demographic Report. (pp. 309–342). Moscow: Publishing House of the National Research University Higher School of Economics. (Mkrtchyan, N., & Karachurina, L. (2014). Vnutrirossijskie migracii In A.Vishnevskij (Otvetstvennyj redactor), Naselenie Rossii 2012: dvadcatyj ezhegodnyj demograficheskij doklad. (pp. 309–342). Moskva: Izdatel’skij dom NIU VShJe, rus.)
Morrill, R. (1995). Aging in place, age specific migration and natural decrease. The Annals of Regional Science, 29(1), 41–66. doi:10.1007/BF01580362.
Nefedova, T. (2003). Rural Russia at the Crossroads: Geographic Essays. Moscow: New Publishing, 2003. (Nefedova, T. (2003). Sel’skaja Rossija na pereput’e: Geograficheskie ocherki. Moskva: Novoe izdatel’stvo, rus.)
Nefedova, T. (2012). Shrinking and Polarization of Rural Areas of Russia. Demoscope Weekly, 2012, 507–508. (Nefedova, T. (2012). Szhatie i poljarizacija sel’skogo prostranstva Rossii. Demoskope Weekly, 507–508. http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2012/0507/analit01.php. Accessed 13 May 2015, rus.)
Plane, D., & Heins, F. (2003). Age articulation of U.S. inter-metropolitan migration flows. The Annals of Regional Science, 37(1), 107–130. doi:10.1007/s001680200114.
Plane, D., Henrie, C., & Perry, M. (2005). Migration up and down the urban hierarchy and across the life course. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(43), 15313–15318. doi:10.1073/pnas.0507312102.
Plane, D., & Jurjevich, J. (2009). Ties that no longer bind? The patterns and repercussions of age-articulated migration. The Professional Geographer, 61(1), 4–20. doi:10.1080/00330120802577558.
Raymer, J., Abel, G., & Smith, P. (2007). Combining census and registration data to estimate detailed elderly migration flows in England and Wales. Royal Statistical Society, 170(4), 891–908. doi:10.1111/j.1467-985X.2007.00490.x.
Rogers, A., & Castro, L. (1981). Model migration schedules. Research report. Laxenburg, Austria: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis.
Rogers, A., & Castro, L. (1986). Migration. In A. Rogers & F. Willekens (Eds.), migration and settlement: A multiregional comparative study (pp. 157–206). Dordrecht: Reidel.
Rogers, A., & Watkins, J. (1987). General versus elderly interstate migration and population redistribution in the United States. Research on Aging, 9(4), 483–529. doi:10.1177/0164027587094002.
Sage, J., Evandrou, M., & Falkingham, J. (2013). Onwards or homewards? Complex graduate migration pathways, well-being, and the ‘Parental Safety Net’. Population, Space and Place, 19(6), 738–755. doi:10.1002/psp.1793.
Schaeffer, P., & Gebremedhin, T. (2009). Expected time to employment as a function of labor market size: A theoretical note. The Review of Regional Studies, 39(3), 287–295.
Shanahan, M. (2000). Pathways to adulthood in Changing societies: Variability and mechanisms in life course perspective. Annual Review of Sociology, 26(1), 667–692. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.667.
Stockdale, A. (2006). The role of a retirement transition in the repopulation of rural areas. Population, Space and Place, 12(1), 1–13. doi:10.1002/psp.380.
Thomas, D. (1938). Research memorandum on migration differentials. New York: Social Science Research Council.
Vobecka, J. (2010). Spatial dynamics of the population in the Czech Republic, 1989–2007. Ph.D. Thesis, Charles University in Prague; Universite de Bourgogne in Digon: UMR INRA—AgroSup Digon. 222 p.
Zubarevich, N. (2005). Large business in the regions of Russia: Territorial Strategies of Development and Social Interests. Moscow: Pomatur. (Zubarevich, N. (2005). Krupnyj biznes v regionah Rossii: territorial’nye strategii razvitija i social’nye interesy. Moskva: Pomatur, rus.)
Acknowledgements
The research leading to these results has received funding from the Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Karachurina, L., Mkrtchyan, N. Age-specific net migration patterns in the municipal formations of Russia. GeoJournal 83, 119–136 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-016-9757-4
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-016-9757-4