Abstract
Reversed loading experiments were conducted to study the influence of pre-compression on the ductility of three aluminium alloys. Diabolo-shaped specimens were machined from extruded profiles along the transverse direction, and heat treated to peak strength (T6 temper). The specimens were subjected to five different levels of pre-compression (0, 10, 20, 30, 40%), i.e., the specimens were first compressed to a prescribed strain and then pulled to fracture in tension. Using a laser-based measuring system, the minimum diameter in the extrusion direction and thickness direction were continuously measured during the tests until fracture. The three aluminium alloys AA6060, AA6082.25 and AA6082.50 had different grain structure and texture. The AA6060 and AA6082.50 alloys had recrystallized grain structure with equi-axed grains and large elongated grains, respectively. The AA6082.25 alloy had a non-recrystallized, fibrous grain structure. It was found that pre-compression has a marked influence on the ductility of the aluminium alloys, which depends on the microstructure and strength of the alloy. Using the compressed configuration as the reference configuration, the relative failure strain could be calculated. For the AA6060 alloy, the relative failure strain increased for increasing pre-compression, and was approximately doubled for 40% pre-compression compared to pure tension. For the AA6082.25 alloy, a slight increase in the relative failure strain was observed for increasing pre-compression, while for the AA6082.50 alloy the relative failure strain was low and approximately constant for different levels of pre-compression.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bai Y, Wierzbicki T (2008) A new model of metal plasticity and fracture with pressure and lode dependence. Int J Plast 24(6):1071–1096
Bao Y, Treitler R (2004a) Ductile crack formation on notched Al2024-T351 bars under compression–tension loading. Mater Sci Eng A 384(1–2):385–394
Bao Y, Wierzbicki T (2004b) On fracture locus in the equivalent strain and stress triaxiality space. Int J Mech Sci 46(1):81–98
Barsoum I, Faleskog J (2007) Rupture mechanisms in combined tension and shear—experiments. Int J Solids Struct 44(6):1768–1786
Benzerga AA, Surovik D, Keralavarma SM (2012) On the path-dependence of the fracture locus in ductile materials—analysis. Int J Plast 37:157–170
Bouchard PO, Bourgeon L, Lachapèle H, Maire E, Verdu C, Forestier R, Logé RE (2008) On the influence of particle distribution and reverse loading on damage mechanisms of ductile steels. Mater Sci Eng A 496(1–2):223–233
Campbell J (2011) The origin of Griffith cracks. Metall Mater Trans B 42(6):1091–1097
Chen Y, Pedersen KO, Clausen AH, Hopperstad OS (2009) An experimental study on the dynamic fracture of extruded AA6xxx and AA7xxx aluminium alloys. Mater Sci Eng A 523(1–2):253–262
Christiansen E (2017) Personal communication. Centre for Advanced Structural Analysis (CASA), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
Dæhli LEB, Børvik T, Hopperstad OS (2016) Influence of loading path on ductile fracture of tensile specimens made from aluminium alloys. Int J Solids Struct 88–89:17–34
Dowling JM, Martin JW (1976) The influence of MN additions on the deformation behaviour of an Al–Mg–Si alloy. Acta Metall 24(12):1147–1153
Drucker DC, Mylonas C, Lianis G (1960) Exhaustion of ductility of E-steel in tension following compressive prestrain. Weld J (Res Suppl) 39:117–120
Enami K (2005) The effects of compressive and tensile prestrain on ductile fracture initiation in steels. Eng Fract Mech 72(7):1089–1105
Faleskog J, Barsoum I (2013) Tension-torsion fracture experiments—part I: experiments and a procedure to evaluate the equivalent plastic strain. Int J Solids Struct 50(25–26):4241–4257
Gao X, Zhang G, Roe C (2009) A study on the effect of the stress state on ductile fracture. Int J Damage Mech 19(1):75–94
Graham SM, Zhang T, Gao X, Hayden M (2012) Development of a combined tension-torsion experiment for calibration of ductile fracture models under conditions of low triaxiality. Int J Mech Sci 54(1):172–181
Gruben G, Fagerholt E, Hopperstad OS, Børvik T (2011) Fracture characteristics of a cold-rolled dual-phase steel. Eur J Mech A Solids 30(3):204–218
Gruben G, Hopperstad OS, Børvik T (2012) Evaluation of uncoupled ductile fracture criteria for the dual-phase steel Docol 600DL. Int J Mech Sci 62(1):133–146
Hoang NH, Hopperstad OS, Myhr OR, Marioara C, Langseth M (2015) An improved nano-scale material model applied in axial-crushing analyses of square hollow section aluminium profiles. Thin Walled Struct 92:93–103
Khadyko M, Dumoulin S, Børvik T, Hopperstad OS (2014) An experimental-numerical method to determine the work-hardening of anisotropic ductile materials at large strains. Int J Mech Sci 88:25–36
Khadyko M, Dumoulin S, Børvik T, Hopperstad OS (2015) Simulation of large-strain behaviour of aluminium alloy under tensile loading using anisotropic plasticity models. Comput Struct 157:60–75
Khadyko M, Marioara CD, Ringdalen IG, Dumoulin S, Hopperstad OS (2016) Deformation and strain localization in polycrystals with plastically heterogeneous grains. Int J Plast 86:128–150
Kristoffersen M, Børvik T, Westermann I, Langseth M, Hopperstad OS (2013) Impact against X65 steel pipes—an experimental investigation. Int J Solids Struct 50(20–21):3430–3445
Kristoffersen M, Børvik T, Hopperstad OS (2016) Using unit cell simulations to investigate fracture due to compression–tension loading. Eng Fract Mech 162:269–289
Lloyd DJ (2003) The scaling of the tensile ductile fracture strain with yield strength in Al alloys. Scr Mater 48(4):341–344
Lohne O, Naess OJ (1979) The effect of dispersoids and grain size on mechanical properties of AlMgSi alloys. In: Haasen P, Gerold V, Kostorz G (eds) Strength of metals and alloys. Pergamon, Oxford, pp 781–788
Ludley JH, Drucker DC (1960) A reversed bend test to study ductile to brittle transition. Weld J 39:543s–546s
Maire E, Zhou S, Adrien J, Dimichiel M (2011) Damage quantification in aluminium alloys using in situ tensile tests in X-ray tomography. Eng Fract Mech 78(15):2679–2690
Marcadet SJ, Mohr D (2015) Effect of compression-tension loading reversal on the strain to fracture of dual phase steel sheets. Int J Plast 72:21–43
Morgeneyer TF, Starink MJ, Wang SC, Sinclair I (2008) Quench sensitivity of toughness in an Al alloy: direct observation and analysis of failure initiation at the precipitate-free zone. Acta Mater 56(12):2872–2884
Papasidero J, Doquet V, Mohr D (2015) Ductile fracture of aluminum 2024-T351 under proportional and non-proportional multi-axial loading: Bao–Wierzbicki results revisited. Int J Solids Struct 69–70:459–474
Pedersen KO, Roven HJ, Lademo OG, Hopperstad OS (2008) Strength and ductility of aluminium alloy AA7030. Mater Sci Eng A 473(1–2):81–89
Pedersen KO, Westermann I, Furu T, Børvik T, Hopperstad OS (2015) Influence of microstructure on work-hardening and ductile fracture of aluminium alloys. Mater Des 70:31–44
Pineau A, Benzerga AA, Pardoen T (2016) Failure of metals I: brittle and ductile fracture. Acta Mater 107:424–483
Spitzig WA, Richmond O (1984) The effect of pressure on the flow stress of metals. Acta Metall 32(3):457–463
Spitzig WA, Sober RJ, Richmond O (1975) Pressure dependence of yielding and associated volume expansion in tempered martensite. Acta Metall 23(7):885–893
Thomas N, Basu S, Benzerga AA (2016) On fracture loci of ductile materials under non-proportional loading. Int J Mech Sci 117:135–151
Toda H, Oogo H, Horikawa K, Uesugi K, Takeuchi A, Suzuki Y, Nakazawa M, Aoki Y, Kobayashi M (2013) The true origin of ductile fracture in aluminum alloys. Metall Mater Trans A 45(2):765–776
Westermann I, Pedersen KO, Furu T, Børvik T, Hopperstad OS (2014) Effects of particles and solutes on strength, work-hardening and ductile fracture of aluminium alloys. Mech Mater 79:58–72
Wilson CD (2002) A critical reexamination of classical metal plasticity. J Appl Mech Trans ASME 69(1):63–68
Acknowledgements
The financial support of this work from the Centre for Advanced Structural Analysis (CASA), Centre for Research-based Innovation (CRI) at the Norwegian University of science and Technology (NTNU), is gratefully acknowledged. M.Sc. Emil Christiansen at CASA is gratefully acknowledged for providing the data of the precipitate free zones for the three alloys.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Frodal, B.H., Pedersen, K.O., Børvik, T. et al. Influence of pre-compression on the ductility of AA6xxx aluminium alloys. Int J Fract 206, 131–149 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10704-017-0204-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10704-017-0204-4