Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Prestressed fracture specimen for delamination testing of composites

  • Published:
International Journal of Fracture Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The prestressed end-notched flexure fracture specimen is developed in the present work, which combines the traditional double-cantilever beam and the end-notched flexure specimens in a very simple way. The most important features of the new beam-like specimen are that it is able to provide any combination of the modes I and II strain energy release rates and it may be performed by using a simple three-point bending fixture. The mode-I part of the strain energy release rate is fixed by inserting a steel roller, which causes a fixed crack opening displacement. The mode-II part of the energy release rate is provided by the external load. A simple closed-form solution using beam theory is developed for the energy release rates of the new configuration. The applicability and the limitations of the novel configuration are demonstrated using unidirectional glass/polyester composite specimens. If only propagation onset is involved then the prestressed end-notched flexure specimen can be used to obtain the fracture criterion of transparent composite materials in a very simple way.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • M. Arcan Z. Hashin A. Voloshin (1978) ArticleTitleA method to produce plane-stress states with applications to fiber-reinforced materials Exp. Mech. 18 141–146 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF02324146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • L.E. Asp (1998) ArticleTitleThe effects of moisture and temperature on the interlaminar delamination toughness of a carbon/epoxy composite Composit. Sci. Technol. 58 967–977 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0266-3538(97)00222-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ASTM D6671 – 01. (2001). Standard test method for mixed mode I-mode II interlaminar fracture toughness of unidirectional fibre reinforced polymer matrix composites, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 15.03, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, USA.

  • Bradley W.L., Cohen R.N. (1985). Matrix deformation and fracture in graphite-reinforced epoxies. In Delamination and Debonding of Materials (Edited by Johnson S.W.) American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, ASTM STP 876, 389–410.

  • L.A. Carlsson J.W. Gillespie R.B. Pipes (1986) ArticleTitleOn the analysis and design of the end notched flexure (ENF) specimen for mode II testing J. Composit. Mater. 20 594–604

    Google Scholar 

  • J.H. Chen R. Sernow G. Schulz G. Hinrichsen (1999) ArticleTitleA modification of the mixed-mode bending test apparatus Composites Part A: Appl. Sci. Manufact. 30 871–877 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1359-835X(98)00193-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, L., Sankar B.V. and Ifju P.G. (2003). Mixed-Mode Fracture Toughness Tests for Stitched Composite Laminates. AIAA Paper 2003–1874, In Proceedings of the 44th AIAA Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, Norfolk, Virginia, April 7–10, 2003, 10 p.

  • Crews, Jr J.H. and Reeder, J.R. (1988). A mixed-mode bending apparatus for delamination testing. NASA Technical Memorandum 100662, August, 1–37.

  • B.D. Davidson V. Sundararaman (1996) ArticleTitleA single leg bending test for interfacial fracture toughness determination Int. J. Fracture. 78 193–210 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00034525

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, P., Ducept, F., Brunner, A.J., Blackman, B.R.K. and Morais, de A.B. (1996). Development of a standard mode II shear fracture test procedure. In: Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Composite Materials (ECCM-7) Vol. 2 , London, May, pp 9–15.

  • P. Davies P. Casari L.A. Carlsson (2005) ArticleTitleInfluence of fiber volume fraction on the interlaminar fracture toughness of glass/epoxy using the 4ENF specimen Composit. Sci. Technol. 65 295–300 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.compscitech.2004.07.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • F. Ducept P. Davies D. Gamby (1997) ArticleTitleAn experimental study to validate tests used to determine mixed mode failure criteria of glass/epoxy composites Composites Part A: Appl. Sci. Manufact. 28A 719–729 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1359-835X(97)00012-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • F. Ducept D. Gamby P. Davies (1999) ArticleTitleA mixed-mode failure criterion derived from tests of symmetric and asymmetric specimens Composit. Sci. Technol. 59 609–619 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0266-3538(98)00105-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • F. Ducept P. Davies D. Gamby (2000) ArticleTitleMixed mode failure criteria for a glass/epoxy composite and an adhesively bonded composite/composite joint Int. J. Adhesion and Adhesives. 20 233–244 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0143-7496(99)00048-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • F.C. Edde Y. Verreman (1995) ArticleTitleNominally constant strain energy release rate specimen for the study of mode II fracture and fatigue in adhesively bonded joints Int. J. Adhesion and Adhesives. 15 29–32 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0143-7496(95)93640-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • European Structural Integrity Society (ESIS). (2000). Determination of the mixed-mode I/II delamination resistance of unidirectional fibre-reinforced polymer laminates using the asymmetric double cantilever beam specimen (ADCB). Polymers and Composites Task Group, version 00–05–03.

  • Hashemi, S., Kinloch, J. and Williams, J.G. (1987). Interlaminar fracture of composite materials. In Proceedings of the 6th ICCM and ECCM Conference, Vol. 3, Elsevier Applied Science, London, pp. 3.254–3.264.

  • S. Hashemi J. Kinloch J.G. Williams (1990a) ArticleTitleThe effects of geometry, rate and temperature on mode I, mode II and mixed-mode I/II interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon-fibre/poly (ether-ether ketone) composites J. Composit. Mater. 24 918–956

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Hashemi J. Kinloch J.G. Williams (1990b) ArticleTitleMechanics and mechanisms of delamination in a poly(ether sulphone)-fibre composite Composit. Sci. Technol. 37 429–462 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0266-3538(90)90013-U

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ifju, P.G., Chen, L.-S. and Sankar, B.V. (2002). Mixed-mode fracture toughness for stitched composites. SEM Annual Conference, Milwaukee, WI 2002, paper number 173.

  • B.W. Kim A.H. Mayer (2003) ArticleTitleInfluence of fiber direction and mixed-mode ratio on delamination fracture toughness of carbon/epoxy laminates Composit. Sci. Technol. 63 695–713 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0266-3538(02)00258-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A. Korjakin R. Rikards F.-G. Buchholz H. Wang A.K. Bledzki A. Kessler (1998) ArticleTitleComparative study of interlaminar fracture toughness of GFRP with different fiber surface treatments Polymer Composites. 19 793–806 Occurrence Handle10.1002/pc.10154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Y.-H. Lai M.D. Rakestraw D.A. Dillard (1996) ArticleTitleThe cracked lap shear specimen revisited – a closed form solution Int. J. Solids and Struct. 33 1725–1743 Occurrence Handle0926.74106 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0020-7683(95)00124-7

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • A.B. Morais de M.F. Moura de A.T. Marques P.T. Castro de (2002) ArticleTitleMode-I interlaminar fracture of carbon/epoxy cross-ply composites Composit. Sci. Technol. 62 679–686 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0266-3538(01)00223-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R. Olsson (1992) ArticleTitleA simplified improved beam analysis of the DCB specimen Composit. Sci. Technol. 43 329–338 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0266-3538(92)90056-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • F. Ozdil L.A. Carlsson P. Davies (1998) ArticleTitleBeam analysis of angle-ply laminate end-notched flexure specimens Composit. Sci. Technol. 58 1929–1938 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0266-3538(98)00018-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • F. Ozdil L.A. Carlsson (1999a) ArticleTitleBeam analysis of angle-ply laminate DCB specimens Composit. Sci. Technol. 59 305–315 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0266-3538(98)00069-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • F. Ozdil L.A. Carlsson (1999b) ArticleTitleBeam analysis of angle-ply laminate mixed-mode bending specimens Composit. Sci. Technol. 59 937–945 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0266-3538(98)00128-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • P. Qiao J. Wang J.F. Davalos (2003b) ArticleTitleAnalysis of tapered ENF specimen and characterization of bonded interface fracture under mode-II loading Int. J. Solids Struct. 40 1865–1884 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0020-7683(03)00031-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • I.S. Raju J.H. Crews SuffixJr M.A. Aminpour (1988) ArticleTitleConvergence and strain energy release rate components for edge-delaminated composite laminates Eng. Fracture Mech. 30 383–396 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0013-7944(88)90196-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J.R. Reeder J.H. Crews SuffixJr (1990) ArticleTitleMixed-mode bending method for delamination testing AIAA J. 28 1270–1276

    Google Scholar 

  • J.R. Reeder J.H. Crews SuffixJr (1991) ArticleTitleNonlinear analysis and redesign of the mixed-mode bending delamination test NASA Tech. Memorandum. 102777 1–49

    Google Scholar 

  • J.R. Reeder (1992) ArticleTitleAn evaluation of mixed-mode delamination failure criterion NASA Technical Memorandum. 104210 1–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeder J.R. (2000). Refinements to the mixed-mode bending test for delamination toughness. NASA-2000-ASC15ATC. 1–8.

  • Rhee K.Y., Chi C.H. (2001). Determination of fracture toughness, G C of Graphite/epoxy composites from a cracked lap shear (CLS) specimen. J. Composit. Materi 35, 77–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Rikards F.G. Buchholz H. Wang A.K. Bledzki A. Korjakin H.-A. Richard (1998) ArticleTitleInvestigation of mixed mode I/II interlaminar fracture toughness of laminated composites by using a CTS type specimen Eng. Fracture Mech. 61 325–342 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0013-7944(98)00068-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. Schön T. Nyman A. Blom H. Ansell (2000) ArticleTitleNumerical and experimental investigation of a composite ENF-specimen Eng. Fracture Mech. 65 405–433 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0013-7944(99)00137-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schuecker, C. and Davidson, B.D. (2000). Evaluation of the accuracy of the four-point bend end-notched flexure test for mode II delamination toughness determination. Composit. Sci. Technol. 60, 2137–2146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sørensen, B.F., Jørgensen, K., Jacobsen, T.K. and Østergaard, R.C. (2004). A general mixed-mode fracture specimen: The DCB specimen loaded with uneven bending moments. Print. Pitney Bowes Management Services A/S - Risø-R-1394(EN), 1–35.

  • V. Sundararaman B.D. Davidson (1997) ArticleTitleAn unsymmetric double cantilever beam test for interfacial fracture toughness determination Int. J. Solids and Struct. 34 799–817 Occurrence Handle0944.74619 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0020-7683(96)00055-8

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • V. Sundararaman B.D. Davidson (1998) ArticleTitleAn unsymmetric end-notched flexure test for interfacial fracture toughness determination Eng. Fracture Mech. 60 361–377 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0013-7944(98)00017-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A. Szekrényes J. Uj (2004) ArticleTitleBeam and finite element analysis of quasi-unidirectional SLB and ELS specimens Composit. Sci. Technol. 64 2393–2406 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.compscitech.2004.05.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Szekrényes A. (2005). Delamination of composite specimens. PhD Thesis, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Applied Mechanics, Budapest, PhD-261/2004.

  • A. Szekrényes J. Uj (2005) ArticleTitleMode-II fracture in E-glass/polyester composite J. Composit. Materi. 39 1747–1768 Occurrence Handle10.1177/0021998305051120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A. Szekrényes J. Uj (2006a) ArticleTitleComparison of some improved solutions for mixed-mode composite delamination coupons Composit. Struct. 72 321–329 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.compstruct.2005.01.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Szekrényes, A. and Uj, J. (2006b). Over-leg bending test for mixed-mode I/II interlaminar fracture in composite laminates. Int. J. Damage Mech. (accepted for publication).

  • G.D. Tracy P. Feraboli K.T. Kedward (2003) ArticleTitleA new mixed mode test for carbon epoxy composite systems Composites Part A: Appl. Sci. Manufact. 34 1125–1131 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1359-835X(03)00205-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. Wang P. Qiao (2003) ArticleTitleFracture toughness of wood-wood and wood-FRP bonded interfaces under mode-II loading J. Composit. Materi. 37 875–898 Occurrence Handle10.1177/0021998303037010002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J Wang P. Qiao (2004) ArticleTitleNovel beam analysis of the end notched flexure specimen for mode-II fracture Eng. Fracture Mech. 71 219–231 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0013-7944(03)00096-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • H. Wang T. Vu-Khanh (1996) ArticleTitleUse of end-loaded-split (ELS) test to study stable fracture behaviour of composites under mode-II loading Composit. Struct. 36 71–79 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0263-8223(96)00066-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, W.-X., Takao, Y. and Nakata, M. (2003). Effects of friction on the measurement of the mode II interlaminar fracture toughness of composite laminates. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Composite Materials (CD-ROM), Manuscript No.:1429, July 14–18, San Diego, California, USA.

  • Y. Wang J.G. Williams (1992) ArticleTitleCorrections for mode II fracture toughness specimens of composite materials Composit. Sci. Technol. 43 251–256 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0266-3538(92)90096-L

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J.G. Williams (1988) ArticleTitleOn the calculation of energy release rates for cracked laminates Int. J. Fracture. 36 101–119 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00017790 Occurrence Handle1988jpbm.conf.....W

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.G. Williams (1989) ArticleTitleEnd corrections for orthotropic DCB specimens Composit. Sci. Technol. 35 367–376 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0266-3538(89)90058-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S.H. Yoon C.S. Hong (1990a) ArticleTitleModified end notched flexure specimen for mixed mode interlaminar fracture in laminated composites Int. J. Fracture. 43 R3–R9 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00018129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S.H. Yoon C.S. Hong (1990b) ArticleTitleInterlaminar fracture toughness of graphite/epoxy composite under mixed-mode deformations Exp. Mech. 30 234–239 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF02322816

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Mechanics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521, Budapest, P.O. Box 11, Hungary

    András Szekrényes

Authors
  1. András Szekrényes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to András Szekrényes.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Szekrényes, A. Prestressed fracture specimen for delamination testing of composites. Int J Fract 139, 213–237 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10704-006-0043-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10704-006-0043-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation