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Dialectics and synergetics in chemistry. Periodic Table and oscillating reactions

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Abstract

This work utilizes examples from chemical sciences to present fundamentals of dialectics and synergetics. The laws of dialectics remain appropriate at the level of atoms, at the level of molecules, at the level of the reactions, and at the level of ideas. The law of the unity and conflict of opposites is seen, for instance, in the relationships between the ionization energy and electron affinity of atoms, between the forward and back reactions, as well as in the differentiation and integration between the various areas of chemistry. The law of the passage of quantitative changes into qualitative changes describes the transformation properties of the compounds when the number and arrangement of atoms in the molecule undergoes changes. According to this law, the development is accompanied by breaks and jumps. This paper suggests equations for the description of these relationships. The law of the negation of the negation is manifested in the Periodic Law, in the evolution of ideas about the mutual transformation of chemical elements, in the development the concept of triads of elements, etc. Small changes in the conventional Periodic Table on the basis of previously rejected versions allow reflecting secondary and additional periodicity. Synergetics, similarly to dialectics, is dedicated to the studies of general laws of evolution. Synergetics includes highly advanced and specified ideas of dialectics. The cornerstone of synergetics is the principles of self-organization and nonlinearity. Mathematical development of these concepts was substantially facilitated by considering oscillating chemical reactions as an example. These reactions are quite complex and therefore provide adequate models for self-organization. Oscillations may exist only upon execution of specific thermodynamic, mathematical, and chemical conditions. Mechanisms of several oscillatory reactions (Belousov–Zhabotinskii, Bray–Liebhavsky, oxidative carbonylation of acetylenes) are briefly reviewed. The construction of novel biomimetic or smart materials based on oscillating reactions is described.

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Notes

  1. It should be noted that in modern natural sciences drift occurs in the opposite direction towards idealism (Imyanitov 2003b, p. 10). In particular, taking into account the need to consider not only the phenomenon but also the observer.

  2. Relevant references are given in review (Imyanitov 2009a).

  3. The apex angle of the cone, encompassing the ligand. Apex of the cone—the central atom nucleus.

  4. Instead «amyl alcohol, C5H12O», or rather «isoamyl alcohol, C5H12O», more precisely, «isoamyl alcohol, (CH3)2CHCH2CH2OH».

  5. Unlike many other evolutionary objects the complication in the Periodic System does not occur in time, but it does with the increasing nuclear charge, the number of electronic shells in the atom, the number of electrons in the shell.

  6. That is, by changes in the outer electron shell.

  7. This theory is not related to the modern understanding of free radicals.

  8. These are the highest-energy occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest-energy unoccupied orbital (LUMO).

  9. Relocation of lanthanides and actinides to the bottom of the Long Periodic Table results in appearance of IUPAC-recommended conventional Medium-long Periodic Table.

  10. Strong argument supporters irreducibility are considered mathematical theorems Gödel. However, this theorems asserts only that higher can not be derived from a lower in full volume.

  11. It's really incredible, and in oscillatory reaction is not happening. Concentration of the intermediate specie is oscillated. The intermediate is then accumulated, then consumed. Here, too, had to overcome the stereotype: the principle of quasi-stationary concentrations of intermediate species are widely used in the analysis of the reaction mechanisms kinetics, but only under certain restrictions.

  12. It goes autocatalytically: initially takes place HSO3 − + H+ → H2SO3, because H2SO3 reacts faster with BrO −3 than HSO3 − (Rabai et al. 1990).

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  1. Federal State Unitary Enterprise S.V. Lebedev Research Institute for Synthetic Rubber, ul. Gapsalskaya 1, St. Petersburg, 198035, Russia

    Naum S. Imyanitov

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Imyanitov, N.S. Dialectics and synergetics in chemistry. Periodic Table and oscillating reactions. Found Chem 18, 21–56 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10698-015-9248-6

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