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Antioxidative and immunoprotective potential of Chlorella vulgaris dietary supplementation against chlorpyrifos-induced toxicity in Nile tilapia

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Abstract

This study highlighted the effects of chronic chlorpyrifos (CPF) exposure on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and the benefits of using dietary Chlorella vulgaris (Ch) to ameliorate CPF-induced toxicity. Genes encoding antioxidant enzymes and stress-responsive proteins in the liver as well as cytokine expression in the spleen and head kidney were evaluated in O. niloticus fed with a basal diet or diets containing 1, 2, and 3% of supplementary Ch against 15 mg/L CPF at 4 and 8 weeks. CPF-exposed groups displayed a notable induction in the hepatic expression of heat shock protein 70/hsp70, glutathione peroxidase/GPx, and glutathione synthase/GSS, while glutathione reductase/GSR was markedly decreased. The mRNA levels of interleukin 1β/IL-1β, TNF-α, transforming growth factor β1/TGFβ1, and interleukin 8/ IL-8 in the spleen and head kidney increased significantly after CPF exposure. Interestingly, Ch supplementation, particularly at levels 2 and 3%, was able to modulate the stress and immune-related genes of Nile tilapia sub-chronically exposed to CPF. These outcomes provide valuable insights regarding the toxic impact of chronic exposure to CPF in fish at the molecular level and a better understanding of the Ch dietary vital roles. Besides, our findings encourage adequate monitoring of pesticide levels owing to its impacts on fish health and human as a final consumer.

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Acknowledgments

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. The study was supported in kind by Mansoura University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Head of the Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, Dept. for Farm Animals and Vet. Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna. The authors are very grateful to Prof. Dr. Ikuo Hirono and Prof. Dr. Hidehiro Kondo, Laboratory of genome science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology Japan, for providing qPCR reagents and Kits for this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt

    Eman Zahran & Samia Elbahnaswy

  2. Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt

    Engy Risha

  3. Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria

    Mansour El-Matbouli

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  1. Eman Zahran
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Zahran, E., Elbahnaswy, S., Risha, E. et al. Antioxidative and immunoprotective potential of Chlorella vulgaris dietary supplementation against chlorpyrifos-induced toxicity in Nile tilapia. Fish Physiol Biochem 46, 1549–1560 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-020-00814-8

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