Summary
Species at high risk of extinction are not distributed at random among higher taxa. Here we demonstrate that there is a positive relationship between the proportion of species in a taxon which are considered to be threatened and the evolutionary age of that taxon, both for the global avifauna and the avifauna of the New World. The potential mechanisms and consequences of the relationship are examined.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Angermeier, P.L. (1995) Ecological attributes of extinction-prone species: Loss of freshwater fishes of Virginia. Conserv. Biol. 9, 143–158.
Bennett, P.M. (1986) Comparative studies of morphology, life history and ecology among birds. PhD thesis, University of Sussex.
Blackburn, T.M., Gates, S., Lawton, J.H. and Greenwood, J.J.D. (1994) Relations between body size, abundance and taxonomy of birds wintering in Britain and Ireland. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B. 343, 135–144.
Buzas, M.A. and Culver, S.J. (1991) Species diversity and dispersal of benthic Foraminifera. BioScience 41, 483–489.
Cole, F.R., Reeder, D.M. and Wilson, D.E. (1994) A synopsis of distribution patterns and the conservation of mammal species. J. Mammal. 75, 266–276.
Collar, N.J., Crosby, M.J. and Slattersfield, A.J. (1994) Birds to Watch 2. The World List of Threatened Birds. Birdlife International, Cambridge.
Cotgreave, P. and Harvey, P.H. (1991) Bird community structure. Nature 353, 123.
Diamond, J.M. (1984) ‘Normal’ extinctions of isolated populations. In Extinctions (M.H. Nitecki, ed.), pp. 191–246. Chicago University Press, Chicago, IL.
Dunning, J.B. (1992) CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Durant, S.M. and Mace, G.M. (1994) Species differences and population structure in population viability analysis. In Creative Conservation: Interactive Management of Wild and Captive Animals (P.J.S. Olney, G.M. Mace and A.T.C. Feistner, eds), pp. 67–91. Chapman and Hall, London.
Erwin, T.L. (1991) An evolutionary basis for conservation strategies. Science 253, 750–752.
Faith, D.P. (1992) Conservation evaluation and phylogenetic diversity. Biol. Conserv. 61, 1–10.
Fiedler, P.L. (1986) Concepts of rarity in vascular plant species, with special reference to the genus Calochortus Pursh (Liliaceae). Taxon 35, 502–518.
Gaston, K.J. (1994a) Rarity. Chapman and Hall, London.
Gaston, K.J. (1994b) Biodiversity — measurement. Prog. Phys. Geog. 18, 565–574.
Gaston, K.J. and Blackburn, T.M. (1995) Birds, body size and the threat of extinction. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B. 347, 205–212.
Gaston, K.J. and Blackburn, T.M. (1996) Global scale macroecology: Interactions between population size, geographic range size and body size in the Anseriformes. J. Anim. Ecol. 65, 701–714.
Groombridge, B. (1992) Global Diversity: Status of the Earth’s Living Resources. Chapman and Hall, London.
Hansen, T.A. (1978) Larval dispersal and species longevity in Lower Tertiary gastropods. Science 199, 885–887.
Hansen, T.A. (1980) Influence of larval dispersal and geographic distribution on species longevity in neogastropods. Paleobiology 6, 193–207.
Hodgson, J.G. (1986) Commonness and rarity in plants with special reference to the Sheffield flora. Part III. Taxonomic and evolutionary aspects. Biol. Conserv. 36, 275–297.
Houde, P. (1987) Critical evaluation of DNA hybridization studies in avian systematics. Auk 104, 17–32.
Jablonski, D. (1986) Background and mass extinction: The alternation of macroevolutionary regimes. Science 231, 129–133.
Jablonski, D. (1987) Heritability at the species level: Analysis of geographic ranges of cretaceous mollusks. Science 238, 360–363.
Jackson, J.B.C. (1974) Biogeographic consequences of eurytopy and stenotopy among marine bivalves and their evolutionary significance. Am. Nat. 108, 541–560.
Kattan, G.H. (1992) Rarity and vulnerability: The birds of the Cordillera Central of Colombia. Conserv. Biol. 6, 64–70.
Lawton, J.H. (1995) Population dynamic principles. In Extinction Rates (J.H. Lawton and R.M. May, eds), pp. 147–163. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Leek, C.F. (1979) Avian extinctions in an isolated tropical wet-forest preserve, Ecuador. Auk 96, 343–352.
Mace, G.M. (1994) An investigation into methods for categorizing the conservation status of species. In Large-scale Ecology and Conservation Biology (P.J. Edwards, R.M. May and N.R. Webb, eds), pp. 293–312. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.
Mace, G.M. and Lande, R. (1991) Assessing extinction threats: Toward a reevaluation of IUCN threatened species categories. Conserv. Biol. 5, 148–157.
May, R.M. (1990) Taxonomy as destiny. Nature 347, 129–130.
May, R.M., Lawton, J.H. and Stork, N.E. (1995) Assessing extinction rates. In Extinction Rates (J.H. Lawton and R.M. May, eds), pp. 1–24. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Mooers, A.Ø. and Cotgreave, P. (1994) Sibley and Ahlquist’s tapestry dusted off. Trends Ecol. Evol. 9, 458–459.
Mooers, A.Ø. and Harvey, P.H. (1994) Metabolic rate, generation time, and the rate of molecular evolution in birds. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 3, 344–350.
Nee, S., Read, A.F., Greenwood, J.J.D. and Harvey, P.H. (1991) The relationship between abundance and body size in British birds. Nature 351, 312–313.
Ricklefs, R.E. and Latham, R.E. (1992) Intercontinental correlation of geographic ranges suggests stasis in ecological traits of relict genera of temperate perennial herbs. Am. Nat. 139, 1305–1321.
Sarich, V.M., Schmid, C.W. and Marks, J. (1989) DNA hybridization as a guide to phytogenies: A critical evaluation. Cladistics 5, 3–12.
Schwartz, M.W. (1993) The search for pattern among rare plants: Are primitive species more likely to be rare? Biol. Conserv. 64, 121–127.
Sibley, C.G. and Ahlquist, J.E. (1990) Phylogeny and Classification of Birds: A Study in Molecular Evolution. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
Sibley, C.G. and Monroe, B.L. (1990) Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
Smith, A.B. (1994) Systematics and the Fossil Record: Documenting Evolutionary Patterns. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.
Smith, F.D.M., May, R.M., Pellew, R., Johnson, T.H. and Walter, K.R. (1993) How much do we know about the current extinction rate? Trends Ecol. Evol. 8, 375–378.
Stanley, S.M. (1979) Macroevolution: Pattern and Process. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, CA.
Terborgh, J. and Winter, B. (1980) Some causes of extinction. In Conservation Biology: An Evolutionary-Ecological Perspective. (M.E. Soule and B.A. Wilcox, eds), pp. 119–133. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
Vane-Wright, R.I., Humphries, C.J. and Williams, P.H. (1991) What to protect? Systematics and the agony of choice. Biol. Conserv. 55, 235–254.
Williams, P.H. (1993) Measuring more of biodiversity for choosing conservation areas, using taxonomic relatedness. In International Symposium on Biodiversity and Conservation (T.-Y. Moon, ed.), pp. 194–227. Korean Entomological Institute, Seoul.
Williams, P.H., Vane-Wright, R.I. and Humphries, C.J. (1993) Measuring biodiversity for choosing conservation areas. In Hymenoptera and Biodiversity (J. LaSalle and I. Gauld, eds), pp. 309–328. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
Williams, P.H., Gaston, K.J. and Humphries, C.J. (1994) Do conservationists and molecular biologists value differences between organisms in the same way? Biodiv. Lett. 2, 67–78.
Willis, J.C. (1922) Age and Area: A Study in Geographical Distribution and Origin of Species. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1994) IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Switzerland.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gaston, K.J., blackburn, T.M. Evolutionary age and risk of extinction in the global avifauna. Evol Ecol 11, 557–565 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-997-1511-4
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-997-1511-4