Abstract
Colonization events like range expansion or biological invasions can be associated with population bottlenecks. Small population size may lead to loss of genetic diversity due to random genetic drift, to loss of heterozygosity due to increased inbreeding and should leave a signature on the genetic polymorphism and genetic structure of populations. The mating system might additionally influence the outcome of such a process. Here, we compare invasive and native populations of the hermaphroditic freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. In the native range we included populations that were ice-free during the last glaciation period and populations that were glaciated and are located at the edge of the species’ native distribution range. The microsatellite data show substantial loss of genetic variation in the introduced range and no signs of high propagule pressure or admixture. The expressed polymorphism was so low that mating system analysis was not possible. In the native region, all populations display strong levels of differentiation (global F ST: 0.341) independent of colonization history and exhibit no significant pattern of inbreeding. However, the populations in more recently colonized habitats show diminished genetic diversity. Overall, these results illustrate how dramatic the reduction in genetic diversity can be for hermaphroditic animals and that gene flow in the native range can be surprisingly low despite short distances.
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Acknowledgments
We thank Christine Reber Funk and Paul Schmid-Hempel for their support in developing microsatellite primers. We are grateful to Stefano Rezzonico, Karoliina Räsänen, Trent Garner and Martin Surbeck for their support in the lab and field. The paper benefited greatly from the comments of the editor and three anonymous referees. Research was funded by a Marie Curie Fellowship of the European Community at Newcastle University (contract number HPMT-CT-2001-00272, KK) and the Academy of Finland Centre of Excellence for Evolutionary Research and Swiss National Science Foundation (JJ).
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Appendix
Appendix
Allele frequencies of nine loci by region. Black bars and stars depict Switzerland (CH), grey bars and stars stand for Finland (FIN) and white bars or circles stand for New Zealand (NZ). Allele size in bp is indicated on the x-axis Allele size (bp) and frequency on the y-axis
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Kopp, K.C., Wolff, K. & Jokela, J. Natural range expansion and human-assisted introduction leave different genetic signatures in a hermaphroditic freshwater snail. Evol Ecol 26, 483–498 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-011-9504-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-011-9504-8