Abstract
Cassava green mite (CGM) Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a major arthropod pest causing significant loss in the yields of storage roots and planting materials of cassava in Zambia. Its control has been mainly based on the use of exotic predatory mites as biological control agents, which unfortunately, have not established well in Zambia due to the lack of suitable host genotypes and harsh weather conditions. The current study was aimed at breeding cassava for improvement of morphological traits that are associated with resistance to CGM, which can also enable cassava genotypes to provide shelter and ensure continuous survival of natural enemies of CGM, and to determine the inheritance of these traits by assessing combining ability and therefore the type of gene action involved in their expression. Using a 5 × 5 half diallel mating design, full-sib cassava genotypes were generated out of which 300 were selected and evaluated in the field. Data were collected for CGM density, CGM leaf damage and cassava mosaic disease severity, plant growth habit, leaf morphological traits, storage root yield and root dry mass. Both general and specific combining ability effects were significant (P < 0.01) for the reaction of the F1 progeny to CGM, and for the various plant morphological traits that were measured, suggesting that both additive and non-additive gene effects play a role in the expression of the traits.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aina OO, Dixon AGO, Akinrinde EA (2007) Trait association and path analysis for cassava genotypes in four agroecological zones of Nigeria. J Biol Sci 7:759–764
Amusa NA, Ojo JB (2005) The effect of controlling Mononychellus tanajoa (Acari: Tetranychidae) the cassava green spider mite using Typhlodromalus aripo (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on the severity of cassava diseases in transition forest, Nigeria. Crop Prot 21:523–527
Banito AJ, Verdie V, Kpemoua KE, Wydra K (2007) Assessment of major cassava diseases in Togo in relation to agronomic and environmental characteristics in a systems approach. Afr J Agric Res 2:418–428
Banziger PS, Paterson CJ (1992) Genetic variation: its origin and use for breeding self-pollinated species. In: Stalker TM, Murphy JP (eds) Plant breeding in the 1990s. C.A.B. International, Wallingford, pp 68–92
Becker WA (1967) Manual of procedures in quantitative genetics. Second edition. The programme in genetics. Washington State University, Washington, p 130
Bellotti AC (2002) Arthropod pests. In: Hillock RJ, Bellotti AC, Thresh JM (eds) Cassava biology, production and utilization. CAB International Wallingford, Oxon, pp 209–235
Bellotti A, Campo BVH, Hyman G (2012) Cassava production and pest management: present and potential threats in a changing environment. Trop Plant Biol 5:39–72
Bynum ED, Xu W, Thomas IA (2004) Diallel analysis of spider mite resistant maize inbred lines and F1 crosses. Crop Sci 44:1535–1541
Byrne DH, Guerrero JM, Bellotti AC, Gracen VE (1982) Yield and plant growth responses of Mononychellus mite resistance and susceptible cassava cultivars under protected versus infected conditions. Crop Sci 22:486–489
Cach NT, Perez JC, Lenis JI, Calle F, Morante N, Ceballos H (2005) Epistasis in the expression of relevant traits in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) for sub-humid conditions. J Hered 10:1–6
Calle F, Perez JC, Gaitan W, Morante N, Ceballos H, Llano G, Alvarez E (2005) Diallel inheritance of traits in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) adapted to acid soil savannas. Euphytica 144:177–186
Ceballos H, Iglesias C, Perez JC, Dixon AGO (2004) Cassava breeding: opportunities and challenges. Plant Mol Biol 56:506–516
Ceballos H, Luna J, Escobar AF, Ortiz D, Perez JC, Sanchez T, Pachon H, Dufour D (2012) Spatial distribution of dry matter in yellow fleshed cassava roots and its influence on carotenoid retention upon boiling. Food Res Int 45:52–59
Chakupuraka J, Markham RH, Neuenschwander P, Sakala M, Malambo C, Mulwanda D, Banda E, Chalabesa A, Bird T, Haug T (1994) Biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihot (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), in Zambia. Biol Control 4:254–262
Chitundu D, Soenajo R (1996) Ten years of breeding cassava in Zambia. Root and Tuber Improvement Programme, Mansa 25
Crafts-Brandner SJ, Chu C (1999) Insect clip cages rapidly alter photosynthetic traits of leaves. Crop Sci 6:1896–1899
Dixon AGO, Ngeve JM, Nukenine EN (2001) Response of cassava genotypes to four biotic constraints in three agro-ecologies of Nigeria. Afr Crop Sci J 10:11–21
Egesi CN, Ilona P, Ogbe FO, Akoroda M, Dixon AGO (2007) Genetic variation and genotype x environment interaction for yield and other agronomic traits in cassava in Nigeria. Agron J 99:1137–1142
Falconer DS, Mackay TFC (1996) Introduction to quantitative genetics, 4th edn. Longman, Harlow, Essex 464
Fukuda WMG, Guevara CL, Kawuki R, Ferguson ME (2010) Selected morphological and agronomic descriptors for characterization of cassava. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria 19
Griffing B (1956) Concepts of general and specific combining ability in relation to diallel crossing systems. Aust J Biol Sci 9:463–493
Habekub A, Proeseler G, Schliephake E (2000) Resistance of apple to spider mites and aphids. Acta Horticult 538:271–276
Hahn SK, Leuschner K, Ezeilo W, Carpenter AJ, Khatibu AI, Constantine CA (1980) Resistance of cassava to cassava green mite Mononychellus tanajoa. Tropical Pest Manage 26:265–267
Hahn SK, Isoba JCG, Ikotun T (1989) Resistance breeding in root and tuber crops at the international institute of tropical of agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria. Crop Prot 8:147–168
Hanna R, Onzo A, Yaninek JS, Sabelis MW (2005) Seasonal cycles and persistence in an acarine predator-prey system in Africa. Popul Ecol 47:107–117
Jaramillo G, Morante N, Perez JC, Calle F, Ceballos H, Arias B, Bellotti AC (2005) Diallel analysis of cassava adapted to the mid-altitude valleys environment. Crop Sci 45:1058–1063
Kamau J, Melis R, Laing M, Derera J, Shanahan P, Ngugi E (2010) Combining the yield ability and secondary traits of selected cassava genotype in the semi-arid areas of eastern Kenya. J Plant Breed Crop Sci 2:181–191
Kawano K, Fukuda WMG, Cenpukdee U (1987) Genetic and environmental effects on dry matter content of cassava root. Crop Sci 27:69–74
Keating BA, Wilson GI, Evenson JP (1988) Effects of length, thickness, orientation, and planting density of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) planting material on subsequent establishment, growth and yield. East Afr Agric Forest J 53:145–149
Lenis JI, Calie F, Jaramillo G, Perez JC, Ceballos H, Cock JH (2006) Leaf retention and cassava productivity. Field Crops Res 95:126–134
Mahungu NM, Dixon AGO, Mkumbira JM (1994) Breeding cassava for multiple pest resistance in Africa. Afr Crop Sci J 2:539–552
Malambo C, Chakupurakal J, Sakala M.K, Kunda S, Mebelo M (1998) Biological control as an integrated pest management strategy against cassava mealybug and cassava green mite in Zambia. In: Akoroda MO and Teri JM (eds) Proceedings of the scientific workshop of the Southern Africa Root crops Research Network (SARRNET), Lusaka, Zambia, pp 269–278
Mebelo M, Hanna R, Toko M (2003) Cassava green mite biocontrol in Zambia: progress through 2001. In: Hanna R, Toko M (eds) Proceedings of the 3rd international regional meeting of the Africa-wide cassava green mite biocontrol project. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Biological control centre for Africa, Cotonou, pp 67–72
Mhike X, Lungu DM, Vivek B (2011) Combining ability studies among AREX and CIMMYT maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines under stress and non-stress conditions. Afr J Agric Res 6:1952–1957
Ntawurunhunga P, Dixon AGO (2010) Quantitative variation and interrelationships between factors influencing cassava yield. J Biosci 26:1594–1602
Ntawurunhunga P, Rubaihayo P, Whyte JBA, Dixon AGO, Osiru DBO (2001) Inter-relationships among traits and path analysis for yield components of cassava: a search for storage root yield indicators. Afr Crop Sci J 9:599–606
Nukenine EN, Dixon AGO, Hassan AT, Asiwe JAN (1999) Evaluation of cassava cultivars for canopy retention and its relationship with field resistance to green spider mite. Afr Crop Sci J 7:47–57
Ojulong MT, Labuschagne MT, Fregene M (2008) A cassava clonal evaluation trial based on a new cassava breeding scheme. Euphytica 160:119–129
Oka M, Limsila J, Sarakam S (1987) Relationship between characteristics and germination ability of cuttings in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Japan Agric Res Q 21:70–75
Onzo A, Hanna R, Sabelis MW (2003) Interactions in an acarine predator guild: impact on Typhlodromalus aripo abundance and biological control of cassava green mite in Benin, West Africa. Exp Appl Acarol 31:225–241
Onzo A, Hanna R, Negloh K, Toko M, Sabelis MW (2005) Biological control of cassava green mite with exotic and indigenous phytoseiid predators: effects of intraguild predation and supplementary food. Biol Control 33:143–152
Onzo A, Hanna R, Sabelis MW (2012) The predatory mite Typhlodromalus aripo prefers green mite-induced plant odours from pubescent cassava varieties. Exp Appl Acarol 58:359–370
Payne RW, Murray DA, Harding SA, Baird DB, Soutar DM (2011) An introduction to Genstat for windows, 14th edn. VSN international, Hemel Hempstead
Perez JC, Ceballos H, Celle F, Morante N, Gaitan W, Llano G, Alvarez E (2005) Within-family genetic variation and epistasis in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) adapted to the acid-soil environment. Euphytica 145:77–85
Pratt PD, Rosetta R, Croft BA (2002) Plant-related factor influence the effectiveness of Neoseius fallacis (Acari: Phytoseiidae), a biological control agent of spider mites on landscape ornamental plants. J Econ Entomol 95:1135–1141
Raji A, Ladeinde O, Dixon A (2008) Screening landraces for additional sources of field resistance to cassava mosaic disease and green mite for integration into the cassava improvement programme. J Integr Plant Biol 50:311–318
RTIP (2012) Root and tuber improvement annual report 2012. Mansa research station, Mansa, p 46
SCRB (2001) Annual report 2000. Soils and Crops Research Branch, Chilanga 165p
Thomas M, Waage J (1996) Integration of biological control and host plant resistance breeding: a scientific and literature review. CAB International, Wageningen 99
Were WV, Shanahan P, Melis R, Omari OO (2012) Gene action controlling farmer preferred traits in cassava varieties adapted to mid-altitude tropical climatic conditions of western Kenya. Field Crops Res 133:113–118
Yaninek JS, Hanna R (2003) Cassava green mite in Africa: A unique example of successful biological control of a mite pest on a continental scale. In: Neueschwander P (ed) Biological control in IPM systems in Africa. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 61–76
Yaninek JS, Guitierrez AP, Herren HR (1989) Dynamics of Mononichellus tanajoa (Acari: Tetyranychidae) in Africa. Experimental evidence of temperature and host plant effects on population growth rates. Environ Entomol 18:633–640
Yasuo U (1998) Diall 98 software for diallel analysis. Laboratory of Biometrics, Graduate School of Agriculture Life Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
Zacharias AM, Labuschagne MT (2010) Diallel analysis of cassava brown streak disease and yield related characteristics in Mozambique. Euphytica 176:309–320
Zundel C, Nagel P, Hanna R, Komer F, Scheidegger U (2009) Environment and host-plant genotype effects on the seasonal dynamics of a predatory mite on cassava in sub-humid tropical Africa. Agric Forest Entomol 11:321–331
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chalwe, A., Melis, R., Shanahan, P. et al. Inheritance of resistance to cassava green mite and other useful agronomic traits in cassava grown in Zambia. Euphytica 205, 103–119 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-015-1404-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-015-1404-5