Skip to main content
Log in

Teacher stress in working with challenging students in Hong Kong

  • Published:
Educational Research for Policy and Practice Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article first illustrates how recent social, economic and educational development in Hong Kong contributes to teacher stress. It then presents data from an international study on teacher stress with respect to working with challenging students, i.e. students with behavioural problems. Teachers were asked to report on the perceived behavioural incidence, associated stress and the impacts of the most challenging student in their classes. The relationships among the various perceptions of teachers were examined using bivariate correlation, canonical correlation and one-way ANOVA. To account for the associated stress and impacts on teachers, negative affect, self-critical attitude and self-efficacy beliefs of teachers were found to be more important than the school characteristics. Compared to their counterparts, Hong Kong teachers were found to be subjected to highest negative impacts from the challenging students and have most negative beliefs in working with them. This study concludes with a discussion of the findings and remedies that might relieve the stress among teachers in Hong Kong.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Argyle M. (2001) The psychology of happiness (2nd ed.). Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyle G. J., Borg M. G., Falzon J. M., Baglioni A. J. Jr. (1995) A structural model of the dimensions of teacher stress. British Journal of Educational Psychology 65: 49–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner U. (1994) Ecological models of human development. In: Husén T., Postlethwaite T. N. (eds) International encyclopedia of education. Elsevier Sciences, Oxford, pp 1643–1647

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown J., Davis S., Johnson E. (2002) Teachers on teaching—A survey of the teaching profession. Market & Opinion Research International, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Caritas Hong Kong Youth and Community Office. (2010). A survey report of the inclusive education in Hong Kong secondary schools. Unpublished Report, Caritas, Hong Kong (in Chinese).

  • Census & Statistics Department. (2007). Census and Statistics Department announces results of household incomes study. Retrieved September 9, 2009, from http://www.bycensus2006.gov.hk/en/press/070618/index.htm.

  • Chan D. (2005) Stress, self-efficacy, and burnout among Chinese secondary school teachers in Hong Kong. In: Barnes L. V. (eds) Contemporary teaching and teacher issues. Nova Science Publishers Inc, New York, pp 227–245

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan, M. C. (2006). A research study on Hong Kong teachers’ stress: A preliminary analysis. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Primary Education Research Association and Education Convergence (in Chinese).

  • Cheng Y. C. (2009) Teacher management and educational reforms: Paradigm shifts. Prospects 39(1): 69–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiu M. M., Chow B. W. Y. (2011) Classroom discipline across forty-one countries: School, economic and cultural differences. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 42(3): 516–533

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiu W.K., Lui T.L. (2006) A review of the theory of the social polarization of the globalized city: Hong Kong after 1990s. In: Lau S.K., Wan P.S., Lee M.K., Wong S.L (eds) The trends and challenges of social development: The experience of Hong Kong and Taiwan. Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies (in Chinese), Hong Kong, pp 3–40

    Google Scholar 

  • City University of Hong Kong and Professional Teacher Union. (2006). 90% of teachers face ‘much higher’ pressure than five years ago (in Chinese). Retrieved 19 January, 2010, from http://www.hkptu.org.hk/ptu/director/pubdep/ptunews/497/edu-talk.htm.

  • Curriculum Development Council: (2001) Learning to learn: The way forward in curriculum development. Curriculum Development Council

    Google Scholar 

  • Democratic Alliance for Betterment of Hong Kong. (2002). Hong Kong teacher stress survey. Retrieved June 8, 2010, from http://www.dab.org.hk/UserFiles/Image/News%20centre/News/doc/2002/20021006poll.pdf (in Chinese).

  • Democratic Alliance for Betterment of Hong Kong & Hong Kong Federation of Education Workers. (2006). Press release: A survey on alleviating teacher workload and stress. Retrieved June 8, 2010, from http://www.dab.org.hk/UserFiles/Image/News%20centre/News/doc/2006/20060110poll.pdf (in Chinese).

  • Education and Manpower Branch & Education Department: (1991) The school management initiative: Setting the framework for quality in Hong Kong schools. Hong Kong Government Printer, Hong Kong

    Google Scholar 

  • Education Commission: (1992) Education Commission Report No. 5. Education Commission, Hong Kong

    Google Scholar 

  • Education Commission: (2000) Learning for life, learning through life: Reform proposals for the education system in Hong Kong. Education Commission, Hong Kong

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis A., Blau S. (1998) Rational emotive behavior therapy. Directions in Clinical and Counseling Psychology 8: 41–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Equal Opportunities Commission: (2001) Disability discrimination ordinance: Code of practice on education. Equal Opportunities Commission, Hong Kong

    Google Scholar 

  • Everaert, H. A., & van der Wolf, J. C. (2005). Behaviorally challenging students and teacher stress. Retrieved July 10, 2010, from http://www.huclassic.nl/NR/rdonlyres/0EC41124-C775-4D68-847E-2D8BACE23268/0/KG01_huisstijl.pdf

  • Forlin C. (2001) Inclusion: Identifying potential stressors for regular class teachers. Educational Research 43(3): 235–245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fung, W. W. (2008). Excessive further study as a waste of social resources. Professional Teachers’ Union News, 537, p. 3 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Golembiewski R. T., Munzenrider R. F., Carter D. (1983) Phases of progressive burnout and their worksite covariants. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 19: 461–481

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greene R. W., Abidin R. R., Kmetz C. (1997) The index of teaching stress: A measure of student-teacher compatibility. Journal of School Psychology 35(3): 239–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hastings R. P., Bham M. S. (2003) The relationship between student behaviour patterns and teacher burnout. School Psychology International 24(1): 115–127

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ho R. Y. K. (2005) The Hong Kong economy since the 1980s. In: Estes R. J. (eds) Social development in Hong Kong: The unfinished agenda. Oxford University Press, Hong Kong, pp 43–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Hong Kong Council of Social Service. (2009). Social Development Index 2008. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Council of Social Service (in Chinese).

  • Hong Kong Mood Disorders Center. (2004). Teacher stress and mood disorders survey (29/6/2004). Retrieved February 20, 2010, from http://www.hmdc.med.cuhk.edu.hk/report/report19.html (in Chinese).

  • Hong Kong SAR Government: (2002) Hong Kong year book 2002. Information Services Department of the Hong Kong SAR Government, Hong Kong

    Google Scholar 

  • Hong Kong SAR Government: (2007) Hong Kong year book 2007. Information Services Department of the Hong Kong SAR Government, Hong Kong

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarvis, M. (2008). Teacher stress. Retrieved January 30, 2011, from http://teachersupport.info/news/well-being/teacher-stress.php.

  • Jin P., Yeung A., Tang T. O., Low. R. (2008) Identifying teachers at risk in Hong Kong: Psychosomatic symptoms and sources of stress. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 65(4): 357–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kokkinos C. M. (2007) Job stressors, personality and burnout in primary school teachers. British Journal of Educational Psychology 77: 229–243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kyriacou C. (1987) Teacher stress and burnout: An international review. Educational Research 29: 146–152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lackey, G. F. (2007). Stress, stress theories. In R. George (Ed.), Blackwell online encyclopedia of sociology. Retrieved October 24, 2010, from http://0-www.blackwellreference.com.edlis.ied.edu.hk/subscriber/tocnode?id=g9781405124331_chunk_g978140512433125_ss1-283.doi:10.1111/b.9781405124331.2007.x.

  • Lee, M. K. (2000). Hong Kong’s family trends and their policy implications. Keynote Speech presented at the HKSAR Central Policy Unit Seminar on Hong Kong’s Families in Transition: Trends and Policy Implications, Hong Kong, China.

  • Lens W., Nevesde Jesus S. (1999) A psychosocial interpretation of teacher stress and burnout. In: Vandenberghe R., Huberman A. M. (eds) Understanding and preventing teacher burnout: A source book of international research and practice. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 192–201

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Leung S. K., Mak Y. W., Chui Y. Y., Chiang C. L., Lee C. K. (2009) Occupational stress, mental health status and stress management behaviors among secondary schools teachers in Hong Kong. Health Education Journal 68: 328–343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lui T.L., Wong C.T. (2003) The observation of the situation of Hong Kong middle class. Joint Publishing Co. Ltd (in Chinese), Hong Kong

    Google Scholar 

  • O’connor E. E., Dearing E., Collins B. A. (2011) Teacher–child relationship and behavior problem trajectories in elementary schools. American Educational Research Journal 48(1): 120–162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oettingen G. (1995) Cross-cultural perspectives on self-efficacy. In: Bandura A. (eds) Self-efficacy in changing society. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 149–176

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pang I. W. (2008) School-based management in Hong Kong: Centralizing or decentralizing. Educational Research for Policy and Practice 7: 17–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pang I. W. (2011) Home-school cooperation in the changing context—An ecological approach. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher 20(1): 1–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudow B. (1999) Stress and burnout in the teaching profession: European studies, issues, and research perspectives. In: Vandenberghe R., Huberman A. M. (eds) Understanding and preventing teacher burnout: A source book of international research and practice. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 38–58

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarzer R., Greenglass E. (1999) Teacher burnout from a social-cognitive perspective: A theoretical position paper. In: Vandenberghe R., Hubermann M. (eds) Understanding and preventing teacher burnout: A sourcebook of international research and practice. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 238–246

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Scott I. (2000) Public sector reform and middle managers in Hong Kong. The Asian Journal of Public Administration 22(2): 107–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Shek D.T.L. (2004) Social development index 2004. Hong Kong Council of Social Services (in Chinese), Hong Kong

    Google Scholar 

  • Shek D. T. L. (2005) Social stress in Hong Kong. In: Estes R. J. (eds) Social development in Hong Kong—The unfinished agenda. Oxford University Press, Hong Kong, pp 213–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith A., Brice C., Collins A., Matthews V., McNamara R. (2000) The scale of occupational stress: A further analysis of the impact of demographic factors and type of job (Contract Research Report 311/2000). Health and Safety Executive HSE Books, Sudbury

    Google Scholar 

  • Smylie M. A. (1999) Teacher stress in a time of reform. In: Vandenberghe R., Hubermann M. (eds) Understanding and preventing teacher burnout: A sourcebook of international research and practice. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 59–84

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson H. W. (1992) The learning gap: Why our schools are failing and what we can learn from Japanese and Chinese education. Touchstone, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • The Church of United Brethren in Christ. (2008). A survey report on the effects of workload on parent–child relationship. Hong Kong: The Church of United Brethren in Christ (in Chinese).

  • The Committee on Teachers’ Work. (2006). Final Report. Retreived August 1, 2009, from http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr06-07/english/panels/ed/papers/ed0212cb2-1041-6-e.pdf

  • Tse K.C. (2002) Hong Kong society—A historical perspective. In: Tse K.C (eds) Our place, our time: A new introduction to Hong Kong society. Oxford University Press (in Chinese), Hong Kong, pp 1–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsui K.T., Tse C.Y. (2006) Research report on the implementation of inclusive education in Hong Kong Primary schools. Hong Kong Primary Education Research Association and Hong Kong Special Schools Council (in Chinese), Hong Kong

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Wolf K., Everaert H. A. (2003) Teacher stress, challenging parents and problem students. In: Castelli S., Mendel M., Ravn B. (eds) School, family, and community partnership in a world of differences and changes. University of Gdansk, Gdansk, pp 135–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Woods P. (1999) Intensification and stress in teaching. In: Vandenberghe R., Huberman A. M. (eds) Understanding and preventing teacher burnout: A source book of international research and practice. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 115–138

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Yoon J. S. (2002) Teacher characteristics as predictors of teacher–student relationships: Stress, negative affect and self-efficacy. Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal 30(5): 485–493

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to I-Wah Pang.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Pang, IW. Teacher stress in working with challenging students in Hong Kong. Educ Res Policy Prac 11, 119–139 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10671-011-9109-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10671-011-9109-6

Keywords

Navigation