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An overview on remediation technologies for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in contaminated lands: a critical approach

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Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are bonded organic compounds with numerous structures with different toxicity levels. They can be of low molecular weight with 2–3 rings or high molecular weight with more than four rings and are persistent in nature. They possess high molecular weight and boiling point, hydrophobic with minimal solubility in water, and lipophilic with high solubility in organic solvents. With the gain in molecular weight, their susceptibility to oxidation–reduction decreases. They are generated during incomplete combustion of organic materials. They can be natural, such as forest fires, or artificial agents, such as coal, oil, wood burning, smoke, and auto-emissions. Due to strong molecular bonds and structural complexity, PAHs are highly malignant under normal conditions. They cause environmental damage due to improper handling and disposal in the surrounding air, water, soil, etc. PAH contamination is highly toxic because of mutagenic and potentially immune toxicants, often resulting in higher workplace casualties. Various physical, biological, and chemical processes remediate the PAHs in contaminated land. Indigenous microbial communities can effectively degrade it in-situ or ex-situ conditions. The degradation process depends on the type of microorganism, its life cycle, PAH substrate, pH, temperature, pressure, and the reaction mechanism. The present article discusses current literature, chemistry, natural and anthropogenic sources of generation, impacts on the environment, biota, etc., merits of physical, biological, and chemical remediation mechanisms with emphasis on microbial degradation, and novel options of technology intermix suitable for sustainable remediation outcomes.

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Fig. 1
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(Adapted from Mallah et al., 2022)

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(Adapted from Kim et al., 2013)

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(Adapted from Das et al., 2020)

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Dr. S.K. Singh was involved in final drafting and revising the article critically for important intellectual content. Dr. R.K. Singh contributed to concept, design, acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data. All authors have read the final manuscript and agreed for to be submitted for publication. The authors have accepted authorship sequence and designated Dr. S.K. Singh as corresponding author for the submission.

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Acknowledgements

Authors are thankful to the Director, CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Barwa road, Dhanbad-826015 (Jharkhand), India for giving permission to publish this paper.

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  1. Natural Resource Management, CSIR-CIMFR, Dhanbad, 826015, India

    S. K. Singh & R. K. Singh

  2. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India

    S. K. Singh & R. K. Singh

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Singh, S.K., Singh, R.K. An overview on remediation technologies for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in contaminated lands: a critical approach. Environ Dev Sustain (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-04020-3

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