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Hydrogeochemistry and quality evaluation of groundwater and its impact on human health in North Tripura, India

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Abstract

Groundwater contamination becomes an alarming threat to the provision of ecosystem services and natural resources. A very high level of groundwater contamination has been observed in the northeastern states particularly in North Tripura district. Therefore, the present study considered the region as a case study to evaluate the hydrogeochemical facies, heavy metal pollution and irrigation indices, and their impact on human health. For the investigation, we have collected a total of 35 groundwater samples from North Tripura district. Hydrogeochemical facies through Piper plot reflect Ca2+–Mg2+–HCO3− and Na+–HCO3− as dominant water types. Gibbs plot identifies the dominance of rock-water interaction process in groundwater hydrochemistry. Geochemical plots indicate the dominance of silicate weathering, ion exchange and carbonate dissolution processes in groundwater mineralisation. The order of trace metal contaminations follows Fe > As > Zn > Mn > Cu > Pb. Results of heavy metal indices suggest above 80% samples are at high risk due to high Fe contamination. The risk of the heavy metal indices is associated with rising elevation in southern part of North Tripura. Findings of health risk assessment study imply that children face much carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks than adults because of unsafe levels of Fe and As. Multivariate statistical tools are applied to unravel interrelationships among all ions and trace metals as well as probable hydrogeochemical processes in groundwater. Results of Wilcox and USSL plots suggest 77% samples meet irrigation suitability criteria. Besides, the analysis suggests a better insight to identify hydrogeochemical processes controlling groundwater chemistry and the suitability of groundwater for irrigation and drinking purposes. The study also suggests treatment and sustainable management of groundwater resources is compulsory to reduce trace metal contaminations before public use.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Bio Engineering, National Institute of Technology (NIT) Agartala, for supporting all facility for carrying out experiment and analysis.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Tripura, 799046, India

    Biplab Roy & Ajay Kumar Manna

  2. Urban Innovation and Sustainability Program, Department of Development and Sustainability, Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), P. O. Box 4, Klong Laung, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand

    Malay Pramanik

Authors
  1. Biplab Roy
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  2. Malay Pramanik
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  3. Ajay Kumar Manna
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Contributions

Biplab Roy: conceptualisation; data curation; formal analysis; investigation; methodology; resources; software; validation; visualisation; roles/writing—original draft; writing—review and editing. Malay Pramanik: data curation; formal analysis; methodology; software; visualisation; roles/writing—original draft; writing—review and editing. Ajay Kumar Manna: conceptualisation; data curation; formal analysis; investigation; methodology; resources; software; supervision; validation; visualisation; roles/writing—original draft; writing—review and editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ajay Kumar Manna.

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Highlights

• Silicate weathering and carbonate dissolution processes dominate groundwater chemistry.

• Metal contaminations assessed using heavy metal indices and health risk evaluations.

• Most influencing metals Fe and As exceed WHO limit in 80% and 20% samples.

• Higher carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks for children than adults due to Fe and As.

• Wilcox and USSL plots reveal about 77% samples have irrigation suitability criteria.

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Roy, B., Pramanik, M. & Manna, A.K. Hydrogeochemistry and quality evaluation of groundwater and its impact on human health in North Tripura, India. Environ Monit Assess 195, 39 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10642-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10642-3

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