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Preconcentration and determination of lead and cadmium levels in blood samples of adolescent workers consuming smokeless tobacco products in Pakistan

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An Erratum to this article was published on 30 July 2015

Abstract

The present study was aimed to evaluate the cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) levels in the blood samples of adolescent boys, chewing different smokeless tobacco (SLT) products in Pakistan. For comparative purpose, boys of the same age group (12–15 years), not consumed any SLT products were selected as referents. To determine trace levels of Cd and Pb in blood samples, a preconcentration method, vortex-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction (VLLME) has been developed, prior to analysis by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The hydrophobic chelates of Cd and Pb with ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate were extracted into the fine droplets of ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, while nonionic surfactant, Triton X-114 was used as a dispersing medium. The main factors affecting the recoveries of Cd and Pb, such as concentration of APDC, centrifugation time, volume of IL and TX-114, were investigated in detail. It was also observed that adolescent boys who consumed different SLT products have 2- to 3-fold higher levels of Cd and Pb in their blood samples as compared to referent boys (p < 0.001).

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  1. National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan

    Sadaf Sadia Arain, Tasneem Gul Kazi, Hassan Imran Afridi, Kapil Dev Brahman,  Naeemullah, Sumaira Khan & Abdul Haleem Panhwar

  2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi, Johor Bahru, Malaysia

    Muhammad Afzal Kamboh

  3. Dr. M.A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan

    Jamil R. Memon

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  1. Sadaf Sadia Arain
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  2. Tasneem Gul Kazi
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Arain, S.S., Kazi, T.G., Afridi, H.I. et al. Preconcentration and determination of lead and cadmium levels in blood samples of adolescent workers consuming smokeless tobacco products in Pakistan. Environ Monit Assess 187, 309 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4543-1

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