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Analysis of cadmium, nickel, and lead in commercial moist and dry snuff used in Pakistan

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Abstract

The extent to which smokeless tobacco endangers human health is an ongoing subject of debate. In this study, concentrations of toxic metals, cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni), were measured in different snuff products (dry brown and black and moist green and brown), available and consumed in Pakistan. Concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Ni were determined in 23 samples of various brands of snuff by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, after microwave-assisted acid digestion. The reliability of methodology was assured by analyzing certified reference material. The resulted data of toxic metals in different snuff products are comparable to the existing information with limited exceptions. It was estimated that 10 g intake of different types of snuff could contribute 14–68, 17–47, and 20–73 % of the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake for Cd, Ni, and Pb, respectively.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan

    Tasneem Gul Kazi, Sadaf Sadia Arain, Hassan Imran Afridi,  Naeemullah, Kapil Dev Brahman & Nida Fatima Kolachi

  2. Dr. M.A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan

    Moina Akhtar Mughal

Authors
  1. Tasneem Gul Kazi
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  2. Sadaf Sadia Arain
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  3. Hassan Imran Afridi
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  4. Naeemullah
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  5. Kapil Dev Brahman
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  6. Nida Fatima Kolachi
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  7. Moina Akhtar Mughal
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Correspondence to Sadaf Sadia Arain.

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Kazi, T.G., Arain, S.S., Afridi, H.I. et al. Analysis of cadmium, nickel, and lead in commercial moist and dry snuff used in Pakistan. Environ Monit Assess 185, 5199–5208 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2936-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2936-y

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