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Biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban and industrial environments of the Western Black Sea Region, Turkey

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Abstract

This research was carried out in the cities of Zonguldak and Eregli, which have been characterized as urban and industrial environments of the Western Black Sea Region, Turkey, in order to assess the contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using mosses as biomonitors. The methodology involved the collection of moss samples (Hypnum cupressiforme), ultrasonic extraction with dichloromethane, cleanup using silica gel and analysis by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The total PAH concentrations ranged from 78.1 to 1693.5 ng g−1 in Zonguldak and from 15.2 to 275.1 ng g−1 in Eregli. The total PAH concentration in Eregli was about six times lower than that in Zonguldak, revealing the importance of switching from coal to natural gas in residential heating. The diagnostic ratios and the correlation analysis have indicated that coal combustion and traffic emissions were the major PAH sources at both sites. The contour maps were constructed for the determination of spatial distributions of total PAHs, and it was shown for Zonguldak as well as for Eregli that the PAH pollution was much more predominant in highly populated regions. Moving away from the city centres, a gradual decrease in PAH pollution rates was observed.

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Acknowledgments

The author wishes to thank the Bülent Ecevit University (2012-10-03-07) for the opportunity and support to carry out this research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bülent Ecevit University, 67100, Zonguldak, Turkey

    Hasan Çabuk & Muhammet Samet Kılıç

  2. Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bülent Ecevit University, 67100, Zonguldak, Turkey

    Muhammet Ören

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  1. Hasan Çabuk
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  2. Muhammet Samet Kılıç
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  3. Muhammet Ören
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Correspondence to Hasan Çabuk.

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Çabuk, H., Kılıç, M.S. & Ören, M. Biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban and industrial environments of the Western Black Sea Region, Turkey. Environ Monit Assess 186, 1515–1524 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3470-2

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