References
Bressler NM. Age-related macular degeneration is the leading cause of blindness. JAMA. 2004;291:1900–1.
Klein R, Peto T, Bird A, Vannewkirk MR. The epidemiology of age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;137:486–95.
Coleman AL, Seitzman RL, Cummings SR, Yu F, Cauley JA, Ensrud KE, et al. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. The association of smoking and alcohol use with age-related macular degeneration in the oldest old: the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010;149:160–9.
Fraser-Bell S, Wu J, Klein R, Azen SP, Varma R. Smoking, alcohol intake, estrogen use, and age-related macular degeneration in Latinos: the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;141:79–87.
Rothman KJ. The estimation of synergy or antagonism. Am J Epidemiol. 1976;103:506–11.
Shahid H, Khan JC, Cipriani V, Sepp T, Matharu BK, Bunce C, et al. Age-related macular degeneration: the importance of family history as a risk factor. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012;96:427–31.
Subar AF, Harlan LC, Mattson ME. Food and nutrient intake differences between smokers and non-smokers in the US. Am J Public Health. 1990;80:1323–9.
Klein R, Klein BE, Linton KL. Prevalence of age-related maculopathy: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 1992;99:933–43.
Liu Y, Wen F, Huang S, Luo G, Yan H, Sun Z, et al. Subtype lesions of neovascular age-related macular degeneration in Chinese patients. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2007;245:1441–5.
Venza I, Visalli M, Oteri R, Teti D, Venza M. Combined effects of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption on antioxidant/oxidant balance in age-related macular degeneration. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2012 Jun 25.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
La Torre, G., Pacella, E., Saulle, R. et al. The synergistic effect of exposure to alcohol, tobacco smoke and other risk factors for age-related macular degeneration. Eur J Epidemiol 28, 445–446 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-013-9798-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-013-9798-7