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Understanding the processes in a historically relevant thermal and mineral spring water by using mixing and inverse geochemical models

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Abstract

The thermal mineral water of Peñón de los Baños spa (Mexico City) has been used for over 500 years starting in pre-Hispanic times and is famous for the treatment of various pathologies. It has a temperature of 45 °C, which is rich in HCO3−, and its main trace elements are B, Li and Fe, which confers healing effects. Concerns about the sustainability of this important spa have motivated this study to understand the thermal system, possible hydraulic and hydrochemical changes over time and its implications. Stable water isotope data indicate that the thermal water sources originate from local precipitation at Sierra de las Cruces with a recharge elevation of approximately 2770 m above sea level. The recharged water percolates through volcanic and carbonate rock formations and ascends via fault structure conduits, where it eventually is extracted 25 km downstream in Peñon de los Baños. During the gravity-driven deep circulation of up to 4.9 km, the groundwater is heated up to 136–160 °C. A comparison of past and current water levels and water chemical analyses indicates a water table drop and few variations in the chemical composition, confirming the presence of anthropic impact on water quality. Due to the heavy groundwater extractions in Mexico City, the spring water flow has ceased, and water must be pumped now from a 203-m deep well. In addition, the concentration of bicarbonate, sodium and chloride has been reduced by half since the onset of groundwater development. The therapeutic effects of this thermal mineral water are at risk due to the alteration of the chemical signature. However, new and different therapeutical uses may prevent a future deterioration or closure of this historically important thermal spa. It is crucial to establish a monitoring program of the thermal mineral water and reducing or minimizing nearby urban extractions which tap the regional flow component to preserve the properties of the thermal water.

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Fig. 1

taken from Arce et al. (2019). Section A–A’ denotes the vertical section shown in Fig. 2

Fig. 2

taken from Arce et al. (2019)

Fig. 3

taken from Cortés et al. (1989); Ranchito 2 and Springs samples were measurements in 2018

Fig. 4

taken from Cortés et al. (1989)

Fig. 5

taken from Florez-Peñaloza (2019))

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Jorge Heber Espinosa Soriano, manager of the thermal and medicinal Peñón de los Baños spa, for his disposition and assistance during the sampling campaign and provision of historical data.

Funding

This research was financially supported by the Program of Support for Research and Technological Innovation Projects – Programa de apoyo a proyectos de investigación e inovación tecnológica (PAPIIT) of the Nacional Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Project Number IN106421, partially supported by the International Atomic Energy Agency by means of IAEA Research Contract No: 23189 and by de Secretaría de Educación, Ciencia, Tecnología.e Innovación del Gobierno de la Ciudad de México (SECTEI) Project number SECTEI/198/2019.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Posgrado en Ciencias de La Tierra, Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico

    Selene Olea-Olea & Jorge Mona

  2. Departamento de Dinámica Terrestre Superficial, Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico

    Oscar Escolero

  3. Centro del Agua Para America Latina y El Caribe. Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico

    Jürgen Mahlknecht

  4. International Atomic Energy Agency, Isotope Hydrology Section, Vienna International Center, Vienna, Austria

    Lucia Ortega

  5. Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y del Suelo, Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México

    Laura Beramendi-Orosco, Olivia Zamora-Martinez & Javier Tadeo-Leon

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Olea-Olea, S., Escolero, O., Mahlknecht, J. et al. Understanding the processes in a historically relevant thermal and mineral spring water by using mixing and inverse geochemical models. Environ Geochem Health 44, 2301–2323 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-01166-9

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