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Pollution evaluation, human health effect and tracing source of trace elements on road dust of Dhanbad, a highly polluted industrial coal belt of India

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Abstract

Dust samples were collected from roads of five distinct types of land use zones (National Highway, residential areas, sensitive areas, mining areas, and busy traffic areas) of Dhanbad to determine the pollution characteristics, health risk, and identifying the source of trace elements. The dust samples were segregated into ≤ 60 µm and trace elements like Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were analysed. Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Mn were observed highest in the mining areas, whereas Ni, Pb, and Zn presented higher concentration values at National Highway and busy traffic zones. Cd showed highest geo-accumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (Cf), and ecological risk (ER) among all the trace elements. The health risk assessment model was performed to assess the health effects of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic pollutants caused due to multi-elemental exposure on adults and children. The significantly higher HQ (Hazard Quotient) and HI (Hazard Index) values posed by Cr, Fe, and Mn indicated potential non-carcinogenic risks to the people of Dhanbad. Similarly, values of CR (Cancer Risk) for Cd, Cr and Ni were within the range of 10–6–10–4, which indicated to cause carcinogenic risk to the population by the exposure of road dust. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Pearson correlation showed that coal mining activities in Jharia coalfield, coal-based industries like coke-oven plants, coal washeries and heavy vehicular load in the roads of Dhanbad were the major causes of emission of these trace elements.

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The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Indian Institute Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad for providing all the necessary laboratory facilities during the research work.

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  1. Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India

    Shilpi Mondal & Gurdeep Singh

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  1. Shilpi Mondal
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  2. Gurdeep Singh
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G.S. supervised the work. S.M. performed the analysis and calculations. S.M. wrote the manuscript in consultation with G.S.

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Correspondence to Gurdeep Singh.

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Mondal, S., Singh, G. Pollution evaluation, human health effect and tracing source of trace elements on road dust of Dhanbad, a highly polluted industrial coal belt of India. Environ Geochem Health 43, 2081–2103 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00785-y

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