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Measurement of metal bioaccessibility in vegetables to improve human exposure assessments: field study of soil–plant–atmosphere transfers in urban areas, South China

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Abstract

The quality of cultivated consumed vegetables in relation to environmental pollution is a crucial issue for urban and peri-urban areas, which host the majority of people at the global scale. In order to evaluate the fate of metals in urban soil–plant–atmosphere systems and their consequences on human exposure, a field study was conducted at two different sites near a waste incinerator (site A) and a highway (site B). Metal concentrations were measured in the soil, settled atmospheric particulate matter (PM) and vegetables. A risk assessment was performed using both total and bioaccessible metal concentrations in vegetables. Total metal concentrations in PM were (mg kg−1): (site A) 417 Cr, 354 Cu, 931 Zn, 6.3 Cd and 168 Pb; (site B) 145 Cr, 444 Cu, 3289 Zn, 2.9 Cd and 396 Pb. Several total soil Cd and Pb concentrations exceeded China’s Environmental Quality Standards. At both sites, there was significant metal enrichment from the atmosphere to the leafy vegetables (correlation between Pb concentrations in PM and leaves: r = 0.52, p < 0.05) which depended on the plant species. Total Cr, Cd and Pb concentrations in vegetables were therefore above or just under the maximum limit levels for foodstuffs according to Chinese and European Commission regulations. High metal bioaccessibility in the vegetables (60–79 %, with maximum value for Cd) was also observed. The bioaccessible hazard index was only above 1 for site B, due to moderate Pb and Cd pollution from the highway. In contrast, site A was considered as relatively safe for urban agriculture.

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Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge the International Xu Guangqi program (32155SC) “Global analysis of the quality of vegetables cultivated near waste incinerators: environmental and human health risk assessment” for financing this project. This work also received support from the National Research Agency under reference ANR-12-0011-VBDU and from INPT to develop “Reseau agriville” http://reseau-agriville.com/ on sustainable urban agricultures. Thanks to Leigh Gebbie for English revision.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, Université de Toulouse, Avenue de l’Agrobiopole, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France

    TianTian Xiong, Antoine Pierart & Christophe Laplanche

  2. UMR 5245 CNRS-INP-UPS, EcoLab (Laboratoire d’écologie fonctionnelle), Avenue de l’Agrobiopôle, BP 32607, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France

    TianTian Xiong, Antoine Pierart & Christophe Laplanche

  3. Centre d’Etude et de Recherche Travail Organisation Pouvoir (CERTOP), UMR5044, Université Toulouse J. Jaurès – Toulouse II, 5 allée A. Machado, 31058, Toulouse, France

    Camille Dumat

  4. Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, 61100, Pakistan

    Muhammad Shahid

  5. School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, People’s Republic of China

    Yuan Kang & Ning Li

  6. UMR 1201 DYNAFOR, INP-Toulouse, ENSAT, Avenue de l’Agrobiopole, BP 32607, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France

    Camille Dumat & Georges Bertoni

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  1. TianTian Xiong
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  2. Camille Dumat
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  3. Antoine Pierart
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  8. Christophe Laplanche
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Correspondence to Camille Dumat.

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Xiong, T., Dumat, C., Pierart, A. et al. Measurement of metal bioaccessibility in vegetables to improve human exposure assessments: field study of soil–plant–atmosphere transfers in urban areas, South China. Environ Geochem Health 38, 1283–1301 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-016-9796-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-016-9796-2

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