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Spatial and temporal variability of fluoride concentrations in groundwater resources of Larestan and Gerash regions in Iran from 2003 to 2010

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Abstract

There is discrepancy about intervals of fluoride monitoring in groundwater resources by Iranian authorities. Spatial and temporal variability of fluoride in groundwater resources of Larestan and Gerash regions in Iran were analyzed from 2003 to 2010 using a geospatial information system and the Mann–Kendall trend test. The mean concentrations of fluoride for the 8-year period in the eight cities and 31 villages were 1.6 and 2.0 mg/l, respectively; the maximum values were 2.4 and 3.8 mg/l, respectively. Spatial, temporal, and spatiotemporal variability of fluoride in overall groundwater resources were relatively constant over the years. However, results of the Mann–Kendall trend test revealed a monotonic trend in the time series of one city and 11 villages for the 8-year period. Specifically, one city and three villages showed positive significant Kendall’s Tau values, suggesting an upward trend in fluoride concentrations over the 8-year period. In contrast, seven villages displayed negative significant Kendall’s Tau values, arguing for a downward trend in fluoride concentrations over the years. From 2003 to 2010, approximately 52 % of the Larestan and Gerash areas have had fluoride concentrations above the maximum permissible Iranian drinking water standard fluoride level (1.4 mg/l), and about 116,000 people were exposed to such excess amounts. Therefore, our study supports for a close monitoring of fluoride concentrations from health authorities in monthly intervals, especially in villages and cities that showed positive trend in fluoride concentrations. Moreover, we recommend simultaneous implementation of cost-effective protective measures or interventions until a standard fluoride level is achieved.

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Acknowledgments

The authors extend their sincerest gratitude to Drs. Mokhtar Mahdavi and Majid Ramezani Mehrian for their wholehearted contribution and advice. We also thank the reviewers and the editor for their valuable feedback.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare there is no conflict of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Socinstrasse 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland

    Hassan Amini

  2. University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003, Basel, Switzerland

    Hassan Amini

  3. Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran

    Hassan Amini

  4. Larestan School of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran

    Gholam Ali Haghighat

  5. Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Masud Yunesian & Mansour Shamsipour

  6. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Masud Yunesian, Ramin Nabizadeh, Amir Hossein Mahvi, Mohammad Hadi Dehghani & Alireza Mesdaghinia

  7. Center for Solid Waste Research (CSWR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Amir Hossein Mahvi

  8. Wastewater Laboratory, Shiraz Health Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    Rahim Davani

  9. Basic Studies of Water Resources, Fars South Center, Larestan, Iran

    Abd-Rasool Aminian

  10. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mansour Shamsipour

  11. Young Researchers and Elite Club, Sardasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sardasht, Iran

    Naser Hassanzadeh

  12. Department of Social Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    Hossein Faramarzi

  13. University of Applied Science and Technology, Larestan, Iran

    Gholam Ali Haghighat

  14. Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Payame Noor University, Sardasht, Iran

    Naser Hassanzadeh

  15. Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Alireza Mesdaghinia

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  1. Hassan Amini
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  2. Gholam Ali Haghighat
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  12. Alireza Mesdaghinia
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Correspondence to Hassan Amini or Gholam Ali Haghighat.

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Amini, H., Haghighat, G.A., Yunesian, M. et al. Spatial and temporal variability of fluoride concentrations in groundwater resources of Larestan and Gerash regions in Iran from 2003 to 2010. Environ Geochem Health 38, 25–37 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-015-9676-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-015-9676-1

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