Abstract
This paper is centered on creating equitable opportunities for learners in mathematics education. Through observations of teacher practice, the paper seeks to theorize how teachers enact their dispositions toward mathematics instruction. These observed propensities, in relation to teachers’ aims for students to “take up their space” in and beyond the mathematics classroom, then inform a model of equitable mathematics instruction. Teachers’ dispositions are considered in relation to Mason’s discipline of noticing and Bourdieu’s notion of the symbolic violence of dominant discourses.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
The school demographics at the time of the study were 24% African American, 9% Asian, 7% Filipino, 35% Hispanic or Latino, and 22% White, not Hispanic, students.
This study examined the relation between reform-oriented mathematics teaching and classroom equity.
The school demographics at the time of the study were 44% Black, 29% White, 15% Hispanic or Latino, 9% Asian or Asian American, and 2% other.
References
Alrø, H., & Skovsmose, O. (2002). Dialogue and learning in mathematics education. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Bakhtin, M. M. (1981). The dialogic imagination: Four essays by M M Bakhtin (M. Holquist & C. Emerson, trans.). Austin: University of Texas Press.
Bishop, A. (1988). Mathematics enculturation: A cultural perspective on mathematics education. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
Boaler, J. (2006). How a detracked mathematics approach promoted respect, responsibility, and high achievement. Theory Into Practice, 45(1), 40–46.
Boaler, J. (2008). Promoting ‘relational equity’ and high mathematics achievement through an innovative mixedability approach. British Educational Research Journal, 34(2), 167–194.
Boaler, J., & Greeno, J. G. (2000). Identity, agency, and knowing in mathematics worlds. In J. Boaler (Ed.), Multiple perspectives on mathematics teaching and learning. Westport: Ablex Publishers.
Boaler, J., & Staples, M. (2008). Creating mathematical futures through an equitable teaching approach: The case of Railside School. Teachers College Record, 110(3), 608–645.
Borko, H., Jacobs, J., Eiteljorg, E., & Pittman, M. E. (2008). Video as a tool for fostering productive discussions in mathematics professional development. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24, 417–436.
Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a theory of practice. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 241–258). New York, NY: Greenwood Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1991). Language and symbolic power. Boston, MA: Polity Press.
Britzman, D. (2003). Practice makes perfect: A critical study of learning to teach. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Carter, P. (2005). Keepin’ it real: School success beyond black and white. New York: Oxford University Press.
Civil, M. (2007). Building on community knowledge: An avenue to equity in mathematics education. In N. Nasir & P. Cobb (Eds.), Improving access to mathematics: Diversity and equity in the classroom (pp. 105–117). New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
Clements, D., & Sarama, J. (2004). Learning trajectories in mathematics education. Mathematical Thinking and Learning, 6(2), 81–89.
Cobb, P., & Hodge, L. L. (2002). A relational perspective on issues of cultural diversity and equity as they play out in the mathematics classroom. Mathematical Thinking and Learning, 4(2 & 3), 249–284.
Cohen, E. G., & Lotan, R. A. (1997). Working for equity in heterogeneous classrooms. New York: Teachers College Press.
de Abreu, G. (1995). Understanding how children experience the relationship between home and school mathematics. Mind, Culture, and Activity, 2(2), 119–142.
de Abreu, G., & Cline, T. (2003). Schooled mathematics and cultural knowledge. Pedagogy, Culture and Society, 11(1), 11–30.
de Freitas, E., & McAuley, A. (2008). Teaching for diversity by troubling whiteness: Strategies for classrooms in isolated white communities. Race Ethnicity and Education, 11(4), 429–442.
Drier, O. (1999). Personal trajectories of participation across context of social practice. Outlines, 4, 5–31.
Engeström, Y. (1987). Learning by expanding: An activity-theoretical approach to developmental research. Helsinki: Orienta-Konsultit.
Erickson, F. (2011). On noticing teacher noticing. In M. G. Sherin, R. Phillip, & V. R. Jacobs (Eds.), Mathematics teacher noticing: Seeing through teachers’ eyes. New York and London: Routledge.
Foote, M. Q., & Gau, T. (2011). Pathways to equity in mathematics education: How life experiences impact researcher positionality. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 78(1), 45–68.
Foucault, M. (1980). Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings, 1972–1977. New York: The Harvester Press.
Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed (M. B. Ramos, Trans.). New York: Herder and Herder.
Garfinkel, H. (1967). Studies in ethnomethdology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Goffman, E. (1981). Forms of talk. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Goldsmith, L. T., & Seago, N. (2011). Using classroom artifacts to focus teachers’ noticing. In M. G. Sherin, V. R. Jacobs, & R. Phillip (Eds.), Mathematics teacher noticing: seeing through teachers’ eyes. New York, NY: Routledge.
Goodwin, C., & Goodwin, M. H. (1996). Seeing as situated activity: formulating planes. In Y. Engeström & D. MIddleton (Eds.), Cognition and communication at work (pp. 61–95). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Grant, C. A., & Sleeter, C. E. (2003). Turning on learning: Five approaches for multicultural teaching plans for race, class, gender, and disability (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley.
Greeno, J. G. (1989). A perspective on thinking. American Psychologist, 44(2), 134–141.
Greeno, J. G. (1994). Gibson’s affordances. Psychological Review, 101(2), 336–342.
Greeno, J. G. (2009). A theory bite on contextualizing, framing, and positioning: A companion to Son and Goldstone. Cognition and Instruction, 27(3), 269–275.
Gresalfi, M. (2009). Taking up opportunities to learn: Constructing dispositions in mathematics classrooms. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 18(3), 327–369.
Gresalfi, M., & Cobb, P. (2006). Cultivating students’ discipline-specific dispositions as a critical goal for pedagogy and equity. Pedagogies: An International Journal, 1, 49–58.
Gutiérrez, R. (2002). Enabling the practice of mathematics teachers in context: Toward a new equity research agenda. Mathematical Thinking and Learning, 4(2&3), 145–187.
Gutiérrez, K. (2008). Developing a sociocritical literacy in the third Space. Reading Research Quarterly, 43(2), 148–164.
Gutiérrez, R. (2008). Research commentary: A “gap-gazing” fetish in mathematics education: Problematizing research on the achievement gap. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 39(4), 357–364.
Gutiérrez, R. (2009). Embracing the inherent tensions in teaching mathematics from an equity stance. Science and Math: Equity, Access, and Democracy, 18(3), 9–16.
Gutiérrez, K., Rymes, B., & Larson, J. (1995). Script, counterscript, and underlife in the classroom: James Brown versus “Brown v. Board of Education.”. Harvard Educational Review, 65(3), 445–471.
Gutstein, E. (2005). Reading and writing the world with mathematics: Toward a pedagogy for social justice. New York, NY: Routledge Falmer.
Hand, V. (2003). Reframing participation: Meaningful mathematical activity in diverse classrooms. Dissertation, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
Hand, V. (2010). The co-construction of opposition within a low-track mathematics classroom. American Educational Research Journal, 47(1), 97–132.
Hand, V. (in press). “Taking up our space”: becoming competent mathematics learners in the mathematics classroom. In N. Nasir, N. Louie, C. Cabana, B. Shreve, & E. Woodbury (Eds.), Those kids, our kids: teaching mathematics for equity. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
Harre, R., & van Langenhove, L. (1999). Positioning theory: Moral contexts of intentional action. Oxford: Blackwell.
Holland, D., Lachiotte, W., Skinner, D., & Cain, C. (1998). Identity and agency in cultural worlds. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
Horn, I. S. (2007). Fast kids, slow kids, lazy kids: Modeling the mismatch problem in math teachers’ conversations. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 16(1), 37–79.
Jacobs, V. R., Lamb, L. C., & Philipp, R. A. (2010). Professional noticing of children’s mathematical thinking. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 41(2), 169–202.
Jacobs, V. R., & Phillip, R. (2004). Mathematical thinking: Helping prospective and practicing teachers focus. Teaching Children Mathematics, 11, 194–201.
Jaworski, B., & Potari, D. (2009). Bridging the macro- and micro-divide: using an activity theory model to capture sociocultural complexity in mathematics teaching and its development. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 72, 219–236.
Kazemi, E., & Franke, M. (2004). Teacher learning in mathematics: Using student work to promote collective inquiry. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 7(3), 203–235.
Lakoff, G. (1987). Women, fire and dangerous things: What categories reveal about the mind. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Lerman, S. (2001). Cultural, discursive psychology: A sociocultural approach to studying the teaching and learning of mathematics. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 46(1/2), 87–113.
Lindfors, J. W. (1999). Children’s inquiry: Using language to make sense of the world. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
Lubienski, S. T. (2008). Research commentary: On “gap gazing” in mathematics education: The need for gaps analyses. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 39(4), 350–356.
Martin, D. (2007). Mathematics learning and participation in African American context: The co-construction of identity in two intersecting realms of experience. In N. Nasir & P. Cobb (Eds.), Diversity, equity, and access to mathematical ideas. New York: Teachers College Press.
Mason, J. (2002). Researching your own practice: The discipline of noticing. New York, NY: Routledge.
Mead, M., & Métraux, R. (1957). The image of the scientist among high school students: A pilot study. Science, 126, 384–390.
Moses, B., & Cobb, C. (2001). Radical equations: Math literacy and civil rights. Boston, MA: Beacon.
Nasir, N. S., & Hand, V. (2008). From the court to the classroom: Opportunities for engagement, learning and identity in basketball and classroom mathematics. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 17(2), 143–180.
Nasir, N. S., Hand, V., & Taylor, E. V. (2008). Culture and mathematics in school: Boundaries between “cultural” and “domain” knowledge in the mathematics classroom and beyond. Review of Research in Education, 32, 187–240.
North, C. E. (2006). More than words? Delving into the substantive meaning(s) of “social justice” in education. Review of Educational Research, 76(4), 507–535.
Oakes, J. (1990). Multiplying inequities: The effect of race, social class, and tracking on opportunities to learn math and science. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
Pickering, A. (1995). The mangle of practice: Time, agency, and science. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Rodriguez, A. J., & Kitchen, R. S. (Eds.). (2005). Preparing mathematics and science teachers for diverse classrooms. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Schoenfeld, A. H. (2002). Making mathematics work for all children: Issues of standards, testing, and equity. Educational Researcher, 31(1), 13–25.
Schön, D. (1983). The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. New York: Basic Books.
Secada, W. G., Fennema, E., & Byrd Adajian, L. (1995). New directions for equity in mathematics education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sherin, M. G., Jacobs, V. R., & Philipp, R. (2011). Mathematics teacher noticing: Seeing through teachers’ eyes. New York, NY: Routledge.
Skovsmose, O. (1994). Toward a critical mathematics education. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 25, 37–57.
Stinson, D. W. (2008). Academically (and mathematically) successful African American male students. American Educational Research Journal, 45(4), 975–1010.
Tannen, D. (1993). Framing in discourse. New York: Oxford University Press.
Valero, P. (2004). Postmodernism as an attitude of critique to dominant mathematics education. In M. Walshaw (Ed.), Mathematics education within the postmodern. Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing Inc.
Valero, P., & Zevenbergen, R. (Eds.). (2004). Researching the sociopolitical dimensions of mathematics education: Issues of power in theory and methodology. Norwell, MA: Kluwer.
van Es, E. A., & Sherin, M. G. (2002). Learning to notice: Scaffolding new teachers in interpretations of classroom interactions. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 10(4), 571–596.
van Es, E. A., & Sherin, M. G. (2008). Mathematics teachers’ “learning to notice” in the context of a video club. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24, 244–276.
Walshaw, M. (2004). Mathematics education within the postmodern. Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing Inc.
Weissglass, J. (1997). Deepening our dialogue about equality. Educational Leadership, 54(78–81).
Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice: Leaning, meaning, and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Weschler, L. (1982). Seeing is forgetting the name of what one sees: A life of contemporary artist Robert Irwin. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank William Penuel, Kris Gutiérrez, and Rochelle Gutiérrez for their helpful comments and feedback.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hand, V. Seeing culture and power in mathematical learning: toward a model of equitable instruction. Educ Stud Math 80, 233–247 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10649-012-9387-9
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10649-012-9387-9