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Population stock structure of leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) in the Atlantic revealed using mtDNA and microsatellite markers

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Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive genetic analysis of stock structure for leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea), combining 17 microsatellite loci and 763 bp of the mtDNA control region. Recently discovered eastern Atlantic nesting populations of this critically endangered species were absent in a previous survey that found little ocean-wide mtDNA variation. We added rookeries in West Africa and Brazil and generated longer sequences for previously analyzed samples. A total of 1,417 individuals were sampled from nine nesting sites in the Atlantic and SW Indian Ocean. We detected additional mtDNA variation with the longer sequences, identifying ten polymorphic sites that resolved a total of ten haplotypes, including three new variants of haplotypes previously described by shorter sequences. Population differentiation was substantial between all but two adjacent rookery pairs, and F ST values ranged from 0.034 to 0.676 and 0.004 to 0.205 for mtDNA and microsatellite data respectively, suggesting that male-mediated gene flow is not as widespread as previously assumed. We detected weak (F ST = 0.008 and 0.006) but significant differentiation with microsatellites between the two population pairs that were indistinguishable with mtDNA data. POWSIM analysis showed that our mtDNA marker had very low statistical power to detect weak structure (F ST < 0.005), while our microsatellite marker array had high power. We conclude that the weak differentiation detected with microsatellites reflects a fine scale level of demographic independence that warrants recognition, and that all nine of the nesting colonies should be considered as demographically independent populations for conservation. Our findings illustrate the importance of evaluating the power of specific genetic markers to detect structure in order to correctly identify the appropriate population units to conserve.

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Acknowledgments

Samples used in this study are archived in the US National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Marine Turtle Molecular Research Sample Collection at the Southwest Fisheries Science Center and were collected under the respective national authorizations and CITES permit conditions and imported under CITES permit 844694/9. We thank all of the members of the SWFSC Marine Turtle Research Program for their support, including Robin LeRoux, Amy Frey, Vicki Pease, Amy Lanci, Gabriela Serra-Valente and Amanda Bowman, who assisted with laboratory analysis. Special thanks to Eric Archer for help with statistical analysis. For providing samples we thank US Fish and Wildlife Service, Sandy Point National Wildlife Refuge, US Virgin Islands Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Natal Parks Board, Costa Rica Conservation Areas System (SINAC), ANAI, CONAGEBIO, Nature Seekers, the PAWI Club, WIDECAST, Proyecto Tamar/ICMBio, Cecília Baptistotte, Antônio Almeida, Niki Desjardin, Chris Johnson, Marc Girondot, Jeremy Smith, Shana Phelan, Kelly Martin, Sandy Fournies, Jesse Marsh, George Hughes, Andrews Agyekumhene, Karyn Allman and Jeanne and Steve Garner. We are grateful to Bill Perrin, Michael Jensen, Brian Bowen and an anonymous reviewer for helpful comments on the manuscript. Research was funded by the NMFS. Fieldwork funded in part by Duke Marine Laboratory, Florida Turtle License Plate Fund, Loggerhead Marinelife Center, Andrea Simler, MacArthur Beach State Park, National Save the Sea Turtle Foundation, PADI Aware, Oak Foundation, the Darwin Initiative, University of Glasgow, Sigma Xi, Earthwatch, US Fish and Wildlife Service.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Protected Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA

    Peter H. Dutton, Suzanne E. Roden, Kelly R. Stewart, Erin LaCasella & Manjula Tiwari

  2. Molecular Ecology Research Group, Department of Animal Biology and Genetics, University of Florence, Via Romana 17, 50125, Florence, Italy

    Angela Formia

  3. Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY, 10460, USA

    Angela Formia

  4. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservacao da Biodiversidade, Centro Tamar-DIBIO, Av. Paulino Muller, 1111, Vitória, ES, CEP 29.040-715, Brazil

    Joao Carlos Thomé

  5. College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK

    Suzanne R. Livingstone

  6. Biology and Natural Resources Department, Principia College, Elsah, IL, 62028, USA

    Scott Eckert

  7. WIDECAST-Costa Rica, Tibás, San Jose, 496-1100, Costa Rica

    Didiher Chacon-Chaverri

  8. Laboratoire d’Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-XI Orsay, Rue Georges Clé menceau, Orsay, 91405 , France

    Philippe Rivalan

  9. Department of Biological Studies, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 Boulevard South, Fort Myers, FL, 33965, USA

    Phil Allman

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  1. Peter H. Dutton
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Correspondence to Peter H. Dutton.

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Dutton, P.H., Roden, S.E., Stewart, K.R. et al. Population stock structure of leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) in the Atlantic revealed using mtDNA and microsatellite markers. Conserv Genet 14, 625–636 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-013-0456-0

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