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High similarity of genetic population structure in the false clown anemonefish (Amphiprion ocellaris) found in microsatellite and mitochondrial control region analysis

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Abstract

Many studies, using various marker systems, have been conducted on the genetic population structure of marine organisms to reveal connectivity among locations and dispersal capabilities. Although mitochondrial sequence markers are widely used, their accuracy is controversially discussed in the context of small scale population genetic discrimination. In the present study, the genetic population structure of the False Clown Anemonefish (Amphiprion ocellaris) in the Indo-Malay Archipelago was revealed by screening six microsatellite loci. Results were congruent to previous mitochondrial control region results, with three major genetic breaks within the Indo-Malay Archipelago. Similar to the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis, microsatellite data showed a correlation of genetic structure to historical ocean basin separation during Pleistocene sea level low stands, geographic distance, and dominant current patterns. However, microsatellite divergences are not as deep as the mtDNA divergence, suggesting either that admixture of mtDNA lineages is slower than that of nuclear microsatellites, providing a rather historic picture of separation, or the stronger differentiation signal is due to lower effective population sizes presented by mtDNA. As well, the microsatellite analysis did not give a better resolution on the small scale as expected. This study showed that depending on the genetic markers used, different stages of population separation might be illuminated.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, Grant no. 03F0390B), which funded the project “Molecular genetics as a tool for the management of marine ornamentals in Sulawesi (Indonesia)” in the framework of SPICE (Science for the Protection of Indonesian Coastal Marine Ecosystems); Centre for Tropical Marine Ecology (Bremen, Germany) for project co-ordinated, especially C. Richter; GEO Magazine (Hamburg, Germany) for financing the research expedition to Misool and New Guinea; A. Nuryanto from the Jenderal Soedirman University (Purwokerto, Indonesia) for help during field work; colleagues from Universitas Hasanuddin (Makassar, Indonesia) for logistical support during field work in Spermonde Archipelago, especially J. Jompa; the colleagues from the University of Bremen, especially D. Blohm. The SPICE project is conducted and permitted under the governmental agreement between the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the Indonesian Ministry for Research and Technology (RISTEK), Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Indonesian Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (DKP), and Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT). This work was carried out in co-operation with Hassanuddin University (UNHAS, Makassar, Indonesia), Agricultural University Bogor (IPB, Bogor, Indonesia), and Jenderal Soedirman University (Purwokerto, Indonesia).

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  1. M. Kochzius

    Present address: Marine Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium

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  1. Biotechnology and Molecular Genetics, Universität Bremen, FB2-UFT, Leobener Strasse, UFT, 28359, Bremen, Germany

    J. Timm & M. Kochzius

  2. Université de Perpignan, EPHE-UMR CNRS 8046, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860, Perpignan, Cedex, France

    S. Planes

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10592_2012_318_MOESM2_ESM.png

Figure: Genetic structure of a subset of Amphiprion ocellaris populations with over one-third representatives of the “blue cluster” in the Bayesian analysis including all populations, in the study area. Map of the study area with names of the major islands, seas, and sample sites (for abbreviations refer to Table 1). The frequencies of the different clusters (k = 2) from the analysis with the programme STRUCTURE (ver. 2.2., Pritchard et al. 2000) are indicated by blue and light blue in the pie charts. Major surface currents are given by arrows (solid = uni-directional, dashed = reversing with the monsoon seasons). The light grey shading indicates the land area during the Pleistocene maximum sea level low stand of 120 m (after Voris 2000). (PNG 122 kb)

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Timm, J., Planes, S. & Kochzius, M. High similarity of genetic population structure in the false clown anemonefish (Amphiprion ocellaris) found in microsatellite and mitochondrial control region analysis. Conserv Genet 13, 693–706 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-012-0318-1

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