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Genetic diversity and landscape genetic structure of otter (Lutra lutra) populations in Europe

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Abstract

Eurasian otter populations strongly declined and partially disappeared due to global and local causes (habitat destruction, water pollution, human persecution) in parts of their continental range. Conservation strategies, based on reintroduction projects or restoration of dispersal corridors, should rely on sound knowledge of the historical or recent consequences of population genetic structuring. Here we present the results of a survey performed on 616 samples, collected from 19 European countries, genotyped at the mtDNA control-region and 11 autosomal microsatellites. The mtDNA variability was low (nucleotide diversity = 0.0014; average number of pairwise differences = 2.25), suggesting that extant otter mtDNA lineages originated recently. A star-shaped mtDNA network did not allow outlining any phylogeographic inference. Microsatellites were only moderately variable (H o = 0.50; H e = 0.58, on average across populations), the average allele number was low (observed A o = 4.9, range 2.5–6.8; effective A e = 2.8; range 1.6–3.7), suggesting small historical effective population size. Extant otters likely originated from the expansion of a single refugial population. Bayesian clustering and landscape genetic analyses however indicate that local populations are genetically differentiated, perhaps as consequence of post-glacial demographic fluctuations and recent isolation. These results delineate a framework that should be used for implementing conservation programs in Europe, particularly if they are based on the reintroduction of wild or captive-reproduced otters.

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Acknowledgments

This study has been partly supported by the Italian Ministry of Environment, Department of Nature Conservation. We wish to thank the ConGen program (funded by the European Science Foundation) and the Danish Natural Science Research Council for financial support to C. Pertoldi (grant number: #21-01-0526, #21-03-0125 and 95095995). P. Hajkova was supported by the Grant Agency of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, grant no. KJB600930804 and by the Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic, grant no. VaV-SP/2d4/16/08. VaV-SP/2d4/16/08. We thank everybody who helped in sampling collection. In particular, for France, L. Lafontaine wishes to acknowledge all people who provided otter samples for this study, and/or belonging to the following networks : SFEPM, LPO, ONCFS (DRD CNERA-PAD, F. Léger, P. Migot, D. Serre), ONEMA, FDAPPMA, Parcs Naturels Régionaux de Brière (X. Moyon), du Morvan, MNHN (G. Véron) and Muséums d’Histoire Naturelle of La Rochelle, Orléans, Toulouse, ENV Nantes, ADEV, GMB, Syndicat du Bassin du Scorff, Station INRA Moulin des Princes, APPMA Plouay, Base du Douron, EDENN, AREMIP, LPO Marais Breton, Fédérations Départementales des Chasseurs and officers from the Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage SD12, SD17, SD22, SD29, SD33, SD35, SD40, SD44, SD56, SD85. The careful revisions done by three anonymous referees, and additional comments by the Associated Editor, greatly aided us to improve early versions of this paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Genetics, Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), Via Cà Fornacetta 9, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy

    Nadia Mucci & Ettore Randi

  2. Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyv 18D, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden

    Johanna Arrendal

  3. Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Goerlitz, PF 300154, 02806, Goerlitz, Germany

    Hermann Ansorge

  4. Department of Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland

    Michael Bailey

  5. Stadtplatz 23, 3943, Schrems, Austria

    Michaela Bodner

  6. Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Avda Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092, Sevilla, Spain

    Miguel Delibes, José A. Godoy & Ana Piriz

  7. Departament de Biologia Cellular, de Fisiologia i d’Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain

    Ainhoa Ferrando

  8. Groupe de Recherche et d’Etude pour la Gestion de l’Environnement, Route de Préchac, 33730, Villandraut, France

    Pascal Fournier & Christine Fournier

  9. Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kvetna 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic

    Petra Hajkova

  10. Institute of Zoology, Martin Luther University Halle (Saale), Halle (Saale), Germany

    Silke Hauer

  11. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, 7485, Trondheim, Norway

    Thrine Moen Heggberget

  12. Institute of Biology/Zoology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Domplatz 4, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany

    Dietrich Heidecke

  13. Department of Biology, University of Joensuu, P.O. Box 111, 80101, Joensuu, Finland

    Harri Kirjavainen

  14. Aktion Fischotterschutz e. V, Otter-Zentrum, Sudendorfallee 1, 29386, Hankensbuttel, Germany

    Hans-Heinrich Krueger

  15. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Tungasletta 2, 7485, Trondheim, Norway

    Kirsti Kvaloy

  16. Réseau Loutre Francophone, BP1, 29670, Locquenole, France

    Lionel Lafontaine

  17. Department of Nature Conservation, University of Kaposvár, P.O.B. 16, 7401, Kaposvar, Hungary

    József Lanszki

  18. Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon—UMR INRA ENVL 1233, 1, avenue Bourgelat, 69280, Marcy l’Etoile, France

    Charles Lemarchand

  19. Finnish Environment Institute, P.O. Box 140, 00251, Helsinki, Finland

    Ulla-Maija Liukko

  20. Department of Biological Sciences, Ecology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade, Building 1540, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark

    Volker Loeschcke & Cino Pertoldi

  21. Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O.B. 35, Jyvaskyla, 40014, Finland

    Gilbert Ludwig

  22. Department of Wildlife Ecology and Biodiversity, National Environmental Research Institute, University of Aarhus, Kalo, Rønde, Denmark

    Aksel Bo Madsen

  23. Otter Reintroduction Centre, Hunawihr, France

    Laurent Mercier

  24. State Forest Service, 13 Janvara Iela 15, Riga, 1932, Latvia

    Janis Ozolins

  25. Institute for Biological Research, 29 Novembra 142, Beograd, 11000, Serbia and Montenegro

    Momir Paunovic

  26. Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Waszkiewicza 1c, 17-230, Bialowieża, Poland

    Cino Pertoldi

  27. Department of Animal Biology, Pavia University, Piazza Botta 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy

    Claudio Prigioni

  28. Centro de Biologia Ambiental/Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Ed. C2, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal

    Margarida Santos-Reis & Teresa Sales Luis

  29. Finnish Museum of Natural History, Zoological Museum, University of Helsinki-Finland, Helsinki, Finland

    Torsten Stjernberg

  30. Zurich Zoo, Zürichbergstrasse 221, 8044, Zurich, Switzerland

    Hans Schmid & Olaf Zinke

  31. Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160, Vienna, Austria

    Franz Suchentrunk

  32. Landesumweltamt Brandenburg, Naturschutzstation Zippelsförde, 16827, Zippelsforde, Germany

    Jens Teubner

  33. Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

    Risto Tornberg

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  1. Nadia Mucci
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Correspondence to Ettore Randi.

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Mucci, N., Arrendal, J., Ansorge, H. et al. Genetic diversity and landscape genetic structure of otter (Lutra lutra) populations in Europe. Conserv Genet 11, 583–599 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-010-0054-3

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