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Establishing the foundation for an applied molecular taxonomy of otters in Southeast Asia

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Abstract

Four species of otters (Mustelidae, Lutrinae) occur in Southeast Asia and are considered to be of conservation concern: Aonyx cinerea (Asian small-clawed otter), Lutra lutra (Eurasian otter), Lutra sumatrana (Hairy-nosed otter), and Lutrogale perspicillata (Smooth-coated otter). Among these, L. sumatrana is endemic to the region, yet little is known about its biology, and the precise distribution of all four species in Southeast Asia is not well known. Furthermore, the taxonomy and systematics of L. sumatrana and L. perspicillata have been the subject of controversy, which has implications for the legal protection and for conservation programs of these taxa. To resolve these controversies, we used a multigene data set comprised of segments from 13 nuclear and 5 mitochondrial loci (11,180 nucleotides) to evaluate the phylogenetic relationships of Asian Old World otters. Phylogenies were also estimated using two mitochondrial loci (1,832 nucleotides) obtained from two or more individuals of the four Southeast Asian species. The results from maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference showed that L. sumatrana and L. lutra are sister taxa, whereas L. perspicillata is sister to A. cinerea. Furthermore, the results from the two-mitochondrial gene analyses indicate that L. sumatrana is reciprocally monophyletic with respect to L. lutra, supporting the specific validity of the former taxon. Signs such as tracks and feces are often used in field surveys to provide information on the distribution and abundance of otters, but the accuracy of these methods may be compromised when several closely related species occur sympatrically. Therefore, the two-gene data set was used to develop a provisional set of diagnostic nucleotides that can be potentially used to identify the four species of Southeast Asian otters from noninvasively collected biological samples, such as feces.

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Acknowledgements

This paper is dedicated with great fondness to the late Claus Reuther for his tireless efforts on behalf of otter conservation worldwide and for his unwavering encouragement and guidance of those doing research on otters and their habitats. He will be sorely missed. We are very grateful to John F. Dallas and Chris Mason for providing tissue samples from Lutra lutra, and to Gerard Willemsen for valuable discussion and insights on otter taxonomy. We thank Graham Slater for review and comments on the manuscript. This study was supported by a National Science Foundation grant (BSR 0614585) awarded to R.K. Wayne.

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  1. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1606, USA

    Klaus-Peter Koepfli, Kristina D. Y. Louie, Toanvong Hoai & Robert K. Wayne

  2. Royal Forest Department, Wildlife Research Division, 61 Paholyothin Road, Bangken, 10900, Bangkok, Thailand

    Budsabong Kanchanasaka

  3. Chikushi Jogakuen University Junior College, 2-12-1, Ishizaka, Dazaifu, Fukuoka, 818-0192, Japan

    Hiroshi Sasaki

  4. Société Francaise pour L′Etude et al Protection des Mammiferes, Paris, France

    Hélène Jacques

  5. Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Hoang Quoc, Viet Street, Nghia Do, Can day, Hanoi, Vietnam

    Nguyen Xuan Dang

  6. Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel

    Eli Geffen

  7. Department of Production Animal Clinical Science, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Section for Stationary Clinic, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033, Oslo, Norway

    Arno Gutleb

  8. Korean Otter Research Center, 578-Gorye, Hanam, Hwacheon, Gangwon-do, South Korea

    Sung-yong Han

  9. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Tungasletta 2, 7485, Trondheim, Norway

    Thrine M. Heggberget

  10. LutrAtlantica, B.P. 1, 29670, Locquenole, France

    Lionel LaFontaine

  11. Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea

    Hang Lee

  12. TRAFFIC International, c/o WWF Germany, Rebstöcker Str. 55, 60326, Frankfurt, Germany

    Roland Melisch

  13. Servei de Protecció i Gestió de la Fauna, Direcció general del Patrimoni Natural i del Medi Fisic, Dr. Roux 80, 08017, Barcelona, Spain

    Jordi Ruiz-Olmo

  14. Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, Centro de Biologia Ambiental/Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande C2 – 2° Piso, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal

    Margarida Santos-Reis

  15. Vertebrate Predation Research Group, Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Akademicheskaja Str., 27, Minsk, 220072, Belarus

    Vadim E. Sidorovich

  16. Institute of Zoology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Domplatz 4, PF 8, 06099, Halle (Saale), Germany

    Michael Stubbe

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  1. Klaus-Peter Koepfli
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  18. Michael Stubbe
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  19. Robert K. Wayne
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Correspondence to Klaus-Peter Koepfli.

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Koepfli, KP., Kanchanasaka, B., Sasaki, H. et al. Establishing the foundation for an applied molecular taxonomy of otters in Southeast Asia. Conserv Genet 9, 1589–1604 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-007-9498-5

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