Abstract
Inspired by the spontaneous healing of natural skin wounds, self-healing materials have become the focus of research. The repulsive conflict between mechanical and healing properties makes it challenging to optimize them simultaneously. Without sacrificing the healing properties, cellulose nanofiber (CNF)/polyurea (PU) composite materials with high mechanical strength were prepared using CNFs as filler and polyamine as cross-linking agent. To further improve the healing and repeated processing performance of the materials, dynamic disulfide bonds were also introduced into the CNF/PU composite materials. And the effects of disulfide bonds and cross-linking agents on the properties of CNF/PU composite materials were explored in detail. Among them, the tensile strength of CNF/PU-S-NH2 is 14.51 MPa, the self-healing efficiency is 95.44%, and the tensile strength is 88.08% of the initial strength after four repeated processing. This research is of great significance for extending the service life of materials, slowing down the generation of waste materials, reducing environmental pollution, and making full use of renewable resources.
Graphical abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
We ensure that all data and materials in this article are available.
References
Bai L, Jiang X, Sun Z, Pei Z, Ma A, Wang W, Chen H, Yang H, Yang L, Wei D (2019) Self-healing nanocomposite hydrogels based on modified cellulose nanocrystals by surface-initiated photoinduced electron transfer ATRP. Cellulose. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02449-2
Cai Y, Zou H, Zhou S, Chen Y, Liang M (2020) Room-temperature self-healing ablative composites via dynamic covalent bonds for high-performance applications. ACS Appl Polym Mater. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.0c00638. 2:
Cao L, Yuan D, Xu C, Chen Y (2017) Biobased, self-healable, high strength rubber with tunicate cellulose nanocrystals. Nanoscale. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7nr05011a
Chang K, Jia H, Gu SY (2019) A transparent, highly stretchable, self-healing polyurethane based on disulfide bonds. Eur Polym J. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.11.005. 112:
Coseri S (2021) Insights on cellulose research in the last two decades in Romania. Polym (Basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13050689
Ding Q, Wu Z, Tao K, Wei Y, Wang W, Yang B, Xie X, Wu J (2022) Environment tolerant, adaptable and stretchable organohydrogels: preparation, optimization, and applications. Mater Horizons 9:1356
Grande AM, Bijleveld JC, Garcia SJ, Van Der Zwaag S (2016) A combined fracture mechanical – rheological study to separate the contributions of hydrogen bonds and disulphide linkages to the healing of poly(urea-urethane) networks. Polym (Guildf). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2016.05.004
Guo H, Han Y, Zhao W, Yang J, Zhang L (2020) Universally autonomous self-healing elastomer with high stretchability. Nat Commun. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15949-8. 11:
Heidarian P, Kouzani AZ, Kaynak A, Paulino M, Nasri-Nasrabadi B, Varley R (2020) Double dynamic cellulose nanocomposite hydrogels with environmentally adaptive self-healing and pH-tuning properties. Cellulose. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02897-w
Hussain I, Sayed SM, Liu S, Oderinde O, Kang M, Yao F, Fu G (2018) Enhancing the mechanical properties and self-healing efficiency of hydroxyethyl cellulose-based conductive hydrogels via supramolecular interactions. Eur Polym J. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.05.025
Hussain I, Sayed SM, Liu S, Yao F, Oderinde O, Fu G (2018) Hydroxyethyl cellulose-based self-healing hydrogels with enhanced mechanical properties via metal-ligand bond interactions. Eur Polym J. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.01.002
Huynh TP, Sonar P, Haick H (2017) Advanced materials for use in soft self-healing devices. Adv Mater. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201604973
Jian X, Hu Y, Zhou W, Xiao L (2018) Self-healing polyurethane based on disulfide bond and hydrogen bond. Polym Adv Technol. https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.4135
Jiao Y, Lu K, Lu Y, Yue Y, Xu X, Xiao H, Li J, Han J (2021) Highly viscoelastic, stretchable, conductive, and self-healing strain sensors based on cellulose nanofiber-reinforced polyacrylic acid hydrogel. Cellulose. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-03782-1
Jing X, Li H, Mi HY, Liu Y, Feng P, Tan Y, Turing L (2019) Highly transparent, stretchable, and rapid self-healing polyvinyl alcohol/cellulose nanofibril hydrogel sensors for sensitive pressure sensing and human motion detection. Sens Actuators B Chem. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2019.05.082
Kadam S, Chavan S, Kanu NJ (2021) An insight into advance self-healing composites. Mater Res Express. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/abfba5
Khatib M, Zohar O, Haick H (2021) Self-healing soft sensors: from material design to implementation. Adv Mater. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202004190
Li K, Clarkson CM, Wang L, Liu Y, Lamm M, Pang Z, Zhou Y, Qian J, Tajvidi M, Gardner D, Tekinalp H, Hu L, Li T, Ragauskas A, Youngblood J, Ozcan S (2021) Alignment of cellulose nanofibers: harnessing nanoscale properties to macroscale benefits. ACS Nano. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c07613
Liu K, Du H, Zheng T, Liu H, Zhang M, Zhang R, Li H, Xie H, Zhang X, Ma M, Si C (2021) Recent advances in cellulose and its derivatives for oilfield applications. Carbohydr Polym. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117740
Liu W, Fang C, Chen F, Qiu X (2020) Strong, reusable, and self-healing lignin-containing polyurea adhesives. Chemsuschem. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202001602
Liu Y, Zheng J, Zhang X, Du Y, Li K, Yu G, Jia Y, Zhang Y (2021) Mussel-inspired and aromatic disulfide-mediated polyurea-urethane with rapid self-healing performance and water-resistance. J Colloid Interface Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2021.03.003
Liu Z, Hong P, Huang Z, Zhang T, Xu R, Chen L, Xiang H, Liu X (2020b) Self-healing, reprocessing and 3D printing of transparent and hydrolysis-resistant silicone elastomers. Chem Eng J. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.124142. 387:
Lugger SJD, Houben SJA, Foelen Y, Debije M, Schenning APHJ, Mulder D (2022) Hydrogen-bonded supramolecular liquid crystal polymers: smart materials with stimuli-responsive, self-healing, and recyclable properties. Chem Rev. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00330
Ma Y, Qin R, Xu M, Jiang X, Sheng Y, Wang M, Zhang W, Lu X (2022) Wide temperature range damping polyurethane elastomer based on dynamic disulfide bonds. J Appl Polym Sci. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.51453
Nicholas L (2001) Polyurea aerogels: synthesis, material properties, and applications. Polymers. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14050969
Roy K, Debnath SC, Pongwisuthiruchte A, Potiyaraj P (2021) Recent advances of natural fibers based green rubber composites: Properties, current status, and future perspectives. J Appl Polym Sci. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.50866
Song K, Zhu W, Li X, Yu Z (2020) A novel mechanical robust, self-healing and shape memory hydrogel based on PVA reinforced by cellulose nanocrystal. Mater Lett. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2019.126884
Summers CJ, Day R, Makal U, Haddleton DM (2018) Combining uretdione and disulfide reversibly degradable polyurethanes: route to alternating block copolymers. Polym Chem. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7py01978e
Sun F, Xu J, Liu T, Li F, Poo Y, Zhang Y, Xiong R, Huang C, Fu J (2021) An autonomously ultrafast self-healing, highly colourless, tear-resistant and compliant elastomer tailored for transparent electromagnetic interference shielding films integrated in flexible and optical electronics. Mater Horizons. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1mh01199e
Sun N, Wang Z, Ma X, Zhang K, Wang Z, Guo Z, Chen Y, Sun L, Lu W, Liu Y, Di M (2021) Preparation and characterization of lignin-containing self-healing polyurethane elastomers with hydrogen and disulfide bonds. Ind Crops Prod. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114178
Tang J, Javaid MU, Pan C, Yu G, Berry R, Tam K (2020) Self-healing stimuli-responsive cellulose nanocrystal hydrogels. Carbohydr Polym. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115486
Ummartyotin S, Manuspiya H (2015) A critical review on cellulose: From fundamental to an approach on sensor technology. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.08.050
Wan T, Chen D (2017) Synthesis and properties of self-healing waterborne polyurethanes containing disulfide bonds in the main chain. J Mater Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-0321-x
Wang D, Liu D, Xu J, Fu J, Wu K (2022) Highly thermoconductive yet ultraflexible polymer composites with superior mechanical properties and autonomous self-healing functionality: via a binary filler strategy. Mater Horizons. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1mh01746b
Wang S, Fu D, Wang X, Pu W, Martone A, Lu X, Lavorgna M, Wang Z, Amendola E, Xia H (2021) High performance dynamic covalent crosslinked polyacylsemicarbazide composites with self-healing and recycling capabilities. J Mater Chem A. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ta11251h
Wang Z, Liu Y, Zhang D, Gao C, Wu Y (2021) Mussel-inspired self-healing PDMS/AgNPs conductive elastomer with tunable mechanical properties and efficient antibacterial performances for wearable sensor. Compos Part B Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109213
Wu J, He J, Li C, Chen J, Yin Y, Sun X, Yang Q, Xiaong C (2021) Organic montmorillonite and doped polyaniline-enhanced self-healing polydimethylsiloxane. J Mater Res. https://doi.org/10.1557/s43578-021-00122-8
Wu Q, Henriksson M, Liu X, Berglund LA (2007) A high strength nanocomposite based on microcrystalline cellulose and polyurethane. Biomacromolecules. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm701061t
Xiaolin J, Rui Q, Minhui W, Min X, Yeming S, Xun L (2021) Controllable wide temperature range and high damping polyurethane elastomer based on disulfide bond and dangling chain. Polym Adv Technol. https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.5250
Yang Y, Lu X, Wang W (2017) A tough polyurethane elastomer with self-healing ability. Mater Des. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.04.015. 127:
Yarmohammadi M, Shahidzadeh M (2018) Evaluation of disulfide chain extender effect on the mechanical properties of unsaturated polyurethane-urea networks. J Appl Polym Sci. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.46309
Zhang J, Tu W, Dai Z (2012) Synthesis and characterization of transparent and high impact resistance polyurethane coatings based on polyester polyols and isocyanate trimers. Prog Org Coat. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2012.05.005
Zhang M, Zhao F, Xin W, Luo Y (2020) Room-temperature self-healing and reprocessable waterborne polyurethane with dynamically exchangeable disulfide bonds. ChemistrySelect. https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.201904316
Zhang W, Wang M, Zhou J, Sheng Y, Xu M, Jiang X, Ma Y, Lu X (2021) Preparation of room-temperature self-healing elastomers with high strength based on multiple dynamic bonds. Eur Polym J. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110614. 156:
Zhang Y, Zheng J, Zhang X, Du Y, Li K, Liu Y, Yu G, Jia Y, Song S (2022) Dual dynamic bonds self-healing polyurethane with superior mechanical properties over a wide temperature range. Eur Polym J. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110934. 163:
Zheng N, Xu Y, Zhao Q, Xie T (2021) Dynamic covalent polymer networks: a molecular platform for designing functions beyond chemical recycling and self-healing. Chem Rev. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00938
Zhou C, Xu Y, Liu X, Liu H, Wei C (2017) Fabrication and characterization of nanofibrillated cellulose from sisal fiber. Gaofenzi Cailiao Kexue Yu Gongcheng/Polym Mater Sci Eng 33. https://doi.org/10.16865/j.cnki.1000-7555.2017.10.023
Zhou X, Wang H, Li S, Liu M (2021) Synthesis and application of self-healing elastomers with high healing efficiency and mechical properties based on multi-healing systems. Eur Polym J. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110769
Funding
This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2572021BB07, 2572022AW37), Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (LH2021B003); Postdoctoral Scientific Research Developmental Fund of Heilongjiang Province (LBH-Q18005) and Undergraduate Training Program for Innovation and Entrepreneurship (202110225215), China.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
NS: Data acquisition, Formal analysis, Investigation, Visualization, Writing-Original Draft. ZW: Data acquisition, Formal analysis, Investigation. ZW: Data acquisition, Formal analysis, validation, Writing-Original Draft. DJ, YD, and XM: Data acquisition, Investigation. ZG, YC, LS, and WL: Methodology, Project administration, Resources. YL: Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Writing-Review and Editing
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Consent for publication
All authors involved in this study were informed and consented to publication.
Human and animal rights
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Informed consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Sun, N., Wang, Z., Wang, Z. et al. Development and characterization of self-healing cellulose nanofiber reinforced polyurea composite materials based on multiple dynamic interactions. Cellulose 30, 223–234 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04899-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04899-7