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Rotation and contraction of native and regenerated cellulose fibers upon swelling and dissolution: the role of morphological and stress unbalances

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Abstract

Upon swelling and dissolution, native cellulose fibers such as cotton hairs or wood fibers are rotating and contracting. Regenerated cellulose fibers are only contracting, not rotating. Cotton hairs show two rotation mechanisms, a well known untwisting, not seen in wood fibers, due to the unwinding of the twists initially induced by the desiccation that occurs at the end of the growth, and a “microscopic rotation” that can also be slightly observed in wood fibers. In addition to these rotation mechanisms, cotton hairs and wood fibers show a rolling up of their primary wall that is due to the higher elongation of the external layers as compared to the internal layers arising during the elongation phase of the cell. Contraction originates from the fact that the cellulose chains are in an extended conformational state due to the spinning process for the regenerated fibers and to the bio-deposition process for native fibers. The contraction is related to the relaxation of the mean conformation of cellulose chains from an extended state to a more condensed state. Physical as well as mechanical modeling will support the experimental observations.

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Abbreviations

R c :

Radius of the cylinders made by the rolled primary wall

R collars :

Radius of the collars

L :

Unrolled length of the two primary wall cylinders

e :

Thickness of the primary wall

Δf x :

Variation of the force per length unit along the x axis

Δf y :

Variation of the force per length unit along the y axis

ΔF x :

Variation of the force along the x axis

ΔF y :

Variation of the force along the y axis

Δm x :

Variation of the torque per length unit around the x axis

Δm y :

Variation of the torque per length unit around the y axis

ΔM x :

Variation of the torque around the x axis

ΔM y :

Variation of the torque around the y axis

ε xx :

Deformation along the x axis

ε yy :

Deformation along the y axis

ρ 0 x :

Initial radius of curvature along the x axis

ρ 0 y :

Initial radius of curvature along the y axis

ρ x :

Radius of curvature along the x axis after rolling up of the primary wall

ρ y :

Radius of curvature along the y axis after rolling up of the primary wall

E∥; υ∥ :

Young modulus and Poisson coefficient in the cellulose chains direction

E⊥; υ⊥ :

Young modulus and Poisson coefficient in the transverse direction to the cellulose chains

L E :

Length of a polymer chain at the extended state

L C :

Length of a polymer chain at the contracted state

l :

Length of one monomer unit

DPn :

Number average degree of polymerization

Mn :

Number average molar mass

Mw :

Weight average molar mass

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Borregaard, Dow Wolff Cellulosics GmbH, Lenzing AG and Spontex for their financial and technical support and their staff for scientific discussions. They thank INRA Versailles for providing cotton samples. NLM thanks the MINES Carnot institute for its financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mines ParisTech, CEMEF, Centre de Mise en Forme des Matériaux, CNRS UMR 7635, BP 207, 1 rue Claude Daunesse, 06904, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France

    Nicolas Le Moigne, Jérôme Bikard & Patrick Navard

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  1. Nicolas Le Moigne
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  2. Jérôme Bikard
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  3. Patrick Navard
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Correspondence to Patrick Navard.

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The CEMEF is member of the European Polysaccharide Network of Excellence (EPNOE), www.epnoe.eu.

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Le Moigne, N., Bikard, J. & Navard, P. Rotation and contraction of native and regenerated cellulose fibers upon swelling and dissolution: the role of morphological and stress unbalances. Cellulose 17, 507–519 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-009-9395-9

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