Sisyphus was King of Corinth. One day he chanced to see a mighty eagle, greater and more splendid than any mortal bird, bearing a maiden to an island not far away. When the river-god Asopus came to him to tell him that his daughter Aegina had been carried off. Sisyphus told him what he had seen. Thereby he drew down on himself the relentless wrath of Zeus. In Hades he was punished by having to try forever to roll a rock uphill which forever rolled back upon him (Hamilton 1942, p. 440).
Abstract
A dual-processing model of moral whistleblowing in organizations is proposed. In this theory paper, moral whistleblowing is described as a unique type of whistleblowing that is undertaken by individuals that see themselves as moral agents and are primarily motivated to blow the whistle by a sense of moral duty. At the individual level, the model expands on traditional, rational models of whistleblowing by exploring how moral intuition and deliberative reasoning processes might interact to influence the whistleblowing behavior of moral agents. The model combines individual variables (e.g., moral identity), organizational variables (e.g., organizational culture), and external, societal variables (e.g., media perceptions) to explain the moral whistleblowing process and the impact of moral agents on organizations and society.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alford, C. F. (2002). Whistleblowers: Broken lives and organizational power. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Aquino, K., & Reed, A. (2002). The self-importance of moral identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1423–1440.
Avakian, S., & Roberts, J. (2011). Whistleblowers in organisations: Prophets at work? Journal of Business Ethics, 110, 71–84.
Barnett, T. (1992). A preliminary investigation of the relationship between selected organizational characteristics and external whistleblowing by employees. Journal of Business Ethics, 11, 949–959.
Barnett, M. L., & Salomon, R. M. (2012). Does it pay to be really good? Addressing the shape of the relationship between social and financial performance. Strategic Management Journal, 33, 1304–1320.
Basu, K., & Palazzo, G. (2008). Corporate social responsibility: A process model of sensemaking. Academy of Management Review, 33, 122–136.
Bebeau, M. J., Rest, J. R., & Narvaez, D. (1999). Beyond the promise: A perspective on research in moral education. Educational Researcher, 28, 18–26.
Berry, B. (2004). Organizational culture: A framework and strategies for facilitating employee whistleblowing. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 16, 1–11.
Bjørkelo, B. (2013). Workplace bullying after whistleblowing: Future research and implications. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 28, 306–323.
Bocchiaro, P., Zimbardo, P. G., & Van Lange, P. A. M. (2012). To defy or not to defy: An experimental study of the dynamics of disobedience and whistle-blowing. Social Influence, 7, 35–50.
Bowen, R. M., Call, A. C., & Rajgopal, S. (2010). Whistle-blowing: Target firm characteristics and economic consequences. The Accounting Review, 85, 1239–1271.
Brennan, N., & Kelly, J. (2007). A study of whistleblowing among trainee auditors. The British Accounting Review, 39, 61–87.
Callahan, E. S., & Dworkin, T. M. (1994). Who blows the whistle to the media, and why: Organizational characteristics of media whistleblowers. American Business Law Journal, 32, 151–184.
Cassematis, P. G., & Wortley, R. (2013). Prediction of whistleblowing or non-reporting observation: The role of personal and situational factors. Journal of Business Ethics, 117, 615–634.
Chen, C. P., & Lai, C. T. (2014). To blow or not to blow the whistle: The effects of potential harm, social pressure and organisational commitment on whistleblowing intention and behaviour. Business Ethics: A European Review, 23, 327–342.
Chiu, R. K. (2003). Ethical judgment and whistleblowing intention: Examining the moderating role of locus of control. Journal of Business Ethics, 43, 65–74.
Department of Justice (2013, December 20). Justice department recovers $3.8 billion from False Claims Act cases in fiscal year 2013. The United States Department of Justice. Retrieved April 27, 2015.
Dozier, J. B., & Miceli, M. P. (1985). Potential predictors of whistle-blowing: A prosocial behavior perspective. Academy of Management Review, 10, 823–836.
Dworkin, T. M., & Baucus, M. S. (1998). Internal vs. external whistleblowers: A comparison of whistleblowing processes. Journal of Business Ethics, 17, 1281–1298.
Es, R., & Smit, G. (2003). Whistleblowing and media logic: a case study. Business Ethics: A European Review, 12, 144–150.
Gao, J., Greenberg, R., & Wong-On-Wing, B. (2015). Whistleblowing intentions of lower-level employees: The effect of reporting channel, bystanders, and wrongdoer power status. Journal of Business Ethics, 126, 85–99.
Glazer, M. P., & Glazer, P. M. (1989). The whistleblowers: Exposing corruption in government and industry. New York: Basic Books.
Grant, C. (2002). Whistle blowers: Saints of secular culture. Journal of Business Ethics, 39, 391–399.
Gundlach, M. J., Douglas, S. C., & Martinko, M. J. (2003). The decision to blow the whistle: A social information processing framework. Academy of Management Review, 28, 107–123.
Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108, 814–834.
Hamilton, E. (1942). Mythology. Boston: Little Brown & Company.
Harris, S. G. (1994). Organizational culture and individual sensemaking: A schema-based perspective. Organization Science, 5, 309–321.
Henik, E. (2015). Understanding whistle-blowing: A set-theoretic approach. Journal of Business Research, 68, 442–450.
Huebner, B., Dwyer, S., & Hauser, M. (2009). The role of emotion in moral psychology. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, 1–6.
Hunton, J. E., & Rose, J. M. (2011). Effects of anonymous whistle-blowing and perceived reputation threats on investigations of whistle-blowing allegations by audit committee members. Journal of Management Studies, 48, 75–98.
Jackson, D., Peters, K., Andrew, S., Edenborough, M., Halcomb, E., Luck, L., & Wilkes, L. (2010). Understanding whistleblowing: Qualitative insights from nurse whistleblowers. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66, 2194–2201.
Jones, T. M. (1991). Ethical decision making by individuals in organizations: An issue-contingent model. Academy of Management Review, 16, 366–395.
Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D., Simon, L. S., & Rich, B. L. (2012). The psychic cost of doing wrong: Ethical conflict, divestiture socialization, and emotional exhaustion. Journal of Management, 38, 784–808.
Kanske, P. (2012). On the influence of emotion on conflict processing. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 6, 1–4.
Kaptein, M. (2011). From inaction to external whistleblowing: The influence of the ethical culture of organizations on employee responses to observed wrongdoing. Journal of Business Ethics, 98, 513–530.
King, G. (1997). The effects of interpersonal closeness and issue seriousness on blowing the whistle. The Journal of Business Communication, 34, 419–436.
Kohlberg, L. (1981). The philosophy of moral development: Moral stages and the idea of justice. New York: Harper & Row.
Liu, S., Liao, J., & Wei, H. (2015). Authentic leadership and whistleblowing: Mediating roles of psychological safety and personal identification. Journal of Business Ethics, 131, 107–119.
Liyanarachchi, G., & Newdick, C. (2009). The impact of moral reasoning and retaliation on whistle-blowing: New Zealand evidence. Journal of Business Ethics, 89, 37–57.
Lopez, Y. P., LaVan, H., & Katz, M. (2014). Whistleblowing in organizations: A logit analysis of litigated cases. Journal of Workplace Rights, 17, 283–302.
MacGregor, J., & Stuebs, M. (2014). The silent samaritan syndrome: Why the whistle remains unblown. Journal of Business Ethics, 120(2), 149–164.
Mesmer-Magnus, J. R., & Viswesvaran, C. (2005). Whistleblowing in organizations: An examination of correlates of whistleblowing intentions, actions, and retaliation. Journal of Business Ethics, 62, 277–297.
Miceli, M. P., & Near, J. P. (1984). The relationships among beliefs, organizational position, and whistle-blowing status: A discriminant analysis. Academy of Management Journal, 27, 687–705.
Miceli, M. P., & Near, J. P. (1985). Characteristics of organizational climate and perceived wrongdoing associated with whistle-blowing decisions. Personnel Psychology, 38, 525–545.
Miceli, M. P., & Near, J. P. (1988). Individual and situational correlates of whistle-blowing. Personnel Psychology, 41, 267–281.
Miceli, M. P., & Near, J. P. (1994). Whistleblowing: Reaping the benefits. Academy of Management Executive, 8, 65–72.
Miceli, M. P., & Near, J. P. (2013). An international comparison of the incidence of public sector whistle-blowing and the prediction of retaliation: Australia, Norway, and the US. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 72, 433–446.
Miceli, M. P., Near, J. P., & Dworkin, T. M. (2009). A word to the wise: How managers and policy-makers can encourage employees to report wrongdoing. Journal of Business Ethics, 86, 379–396.
Miceli, M. P., Near, J. P., Rehg, M. T., & Van Scotter, J. R. (2012). Predicting employee reactions to perceived organizational wrongdoing: Demoralization, justice, proactive personality, and whistle-blowing. Human Relations, 65, 923–954.
Mumford, M. D., Connelly, S., Brown, R. P., Murphy, S. T., Hill, J. H., Antes, A. L., & Devenport, L. D. (2008). A sensemaking approach to ethics training for scientists: Preliminary evidence of training effectiveness. Ethics and Behavior, 18, 315–339.
Near, J. P., Dworkin, T. M., & Miceli, M. P. (1993). Explaining the whisle-blowing process: Suggestions from power theory and justice theory. Organization Science, 4, 393–412.
Near, J. P., & Miceli, M. P. (1985). Organizational dissidence: The case of whistle-blowing. Journal of Business Ethics, 4(1), 1–16.
Near, J. P., & Miceli, M. P. (1995). Effective whistle-blowing. Academy of Management Review, 20, 679–708.
Near, J. P., & Miceli, M. P. (1996). Whistle-blowing: Myth and reality. Journal of Management, 22, 507–526.
Neufeld, M. (2014). Parliament and some roots of whistle blowing during the nine years war. The Historical Journal, 57, 397–420.
Park, H., Blenkinsopp, J., & Park, M. (2014). The influence of an observer’s value orientation and personality type on attitudes toward whistleblowing. Journal of Business Ethics, 120, 121–129.
Peters, K., Luck, L., Hutchinson, M., Wilkes, L., Andrew, S., & Jackson, D. (2011). The emotional sequelae of whistleblowing: Findings from a qualitative study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 20, 2907–2914.
Pizarro, D., Inbar, Y., & Helion, C. (2011). On disgust and moral judgment. Emotion Review, 3, 267–268.
Pope, K. R., & Lee, C. C. (2012). Could the dodd-frank wall street reform and consumer protection act of 2010 be helpful in reforming corporate America? An investigation on financial bounties and whistle-blowing behaviors in the private sector. Journal of Business Ethics, 112, 597–607.
Rehg, M. T., Miceli, M. P., Near, J. P., & Van Scotter, J. R. (2008). Antecedents and outcomes of retaliation against whistleblowers: Gender differences and power relationships. Organization Science, 19, 221–240.
Rothschild, J., & Miethe, T. D. (1999). Whistle-blower disclosures and management retaliation: The battle to control information about organization corruption. Work and Occupations, 26, 107–128.
Schein, E. H. (1984). Coming to a new awareness of organizational culture. Sloan Management Review, 25, 3–16.
Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (1983). Mood, misattribution, and judgments of well-being: Informative and directive functions of affective states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 513–523.
Seifert, D. L., Sweeney, J. T., Joireman, J., & Thornton, J. M. (2010). The influence of organizational justice on accountant whistleblowing. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 35, 707–717.
Sekerka, L. E., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2007). Moral courage in the workplace: Moving to and from the desire and decision to act. Business Ethics: A European Review, 16, 132–149.
Sekerka, L. E., Bagozzi, R. P., & Charnigo, R. (2009). Facing ethical challenges in the workplace: Conceptualizing and measuring professional moral courage. Journal of Business Ethics, 89, 565–579.
Shao, R., Aquino, K., & Freeman, D. (2008). Beyond moral reasoning: A review of moral identity research and its implications for business ethics. Business Ethics Quarterly, 18, 513–540.
Shaub, M. K., & Braun, R. L. (2014). Call of duty: A framework for auditors’ ethical decisions. In Accounting for the Public Interest (pp. 3–25). New York: Springer.
Solomon, S. D. (2014, December 30). Whistle-blower awards lure wrongdoers looking to score. The New York Times (Online). Retrieved March 30, 2015.
Sonenshein, S. (2007). The role of construction, intuition, and justification in responding to ethical issues at work: The sensemaking-intuition model. Academy of Management Review, 32, 1022–1040.
Tangirala, S., & Ramanujam, R. (2008). Employee silence on critical work issues: The cross level effects of procedural justice climate. Personnel Psychology, 61, 37–68.
Tavani, H. T., & Grodzinsky, F. S. (2014). Trust, betrayal, and whistle-blowing: Reflections on the Edward Snowden case. Computers & Society, 44, 8–13.
Thiel, C. E., Connelly, S., Harkrider, L., Devenport, L. D., Bagdasarov, Z., Johnson, J. F., & Mumford, M. D. (2013). Case-based knowledge and ethics education: Improving learning and transfer through emotionally rich cases. Science and Engineering Ethics, 19, 265–286.
Vadera, A. K., Aguilera, R. V., & Caza, B. B. (2009). Making sense of whistle-blowing’s antecedents: Learning from research on identity and ethics programs. Business Ethics Quarterly, 19, 553–586.
Waytz, A., Dungan, J., & Young, L. (2013). The whistleblower’s dilemma and the fairness–loyalty tradeoff. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 1027–1033.
Weaver, G. R., Reynolds, S. J., & Brown, M. E. (2014). Moral intuition: Connecting current knowledge to future organizational research and practice. Journal of Management, 40, 100–129.
Weick, K. E. (1995). Sensemaking in organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Weinstein, D. (1979). Bureaucratic opposition. New York: Pergamon Press.
Winterich, K. P., Zhang, Y., & Mittal, V. (2012). How political identity and charity positioning increase donations: Insights from moral foundations theory. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 29, 346–354.
Wright, T. A., & Cropanzano, R. (1998). Emotional exhaustion as a predictor of job performance and voluntary turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 486–493.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Watts, L.L., Ronald Buckley, M. A Dual-Processing Model of Moral Whistleblowing in Organizations. J Bus Ethics 146, 669–683 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2913-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2913-9