Skip to main content
Log in

Confucian Ethics Exhibited in the Discourse of Chinese Business and Marketing Communication

  • Published:
Journal of Business Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

With the internationalisation of the Chinese market, Confucian ethics began to draw researchers’ attention. However, little research has been conducted in the specific application of Confucian ethics in marketing communication. This article fills in the research gap by examining how Confucian ethics underpins the discourse of Chinese Expo invitations. Chinese sales managers’ views are incorporated into the analysis as substantiation of findings. Confucian ethics embraces both qing (emotion) and li (reason) and relevant ethical values such as guanxi (connections), qing, and mianzi (face) play an important role for advertising Expos and trade fairs. The study also highlights the complexities of Chinese Expo advertising that is embedded in inviting behaviour. These findings shed light on understanding Confucian ethics in marketing communications in general and have implications for ethical international marketing and advertising practices.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adair, W. L. and Brett, J. M. 2005, ‘The Negotiation Dance: Time, Culture, and Behavioural Sequences in Negotiation’, Organisation Science, 16(1), 33–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Austin, J. L. 1962, How to Do Things with Words. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakhtin, M. M. 1986, ‘Speech genres’ and other Late Essays. Austin: University of Texas Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blythe, J.: 2000, Marketing Communications. London: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, P. & Levinson, S. 1987, Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan, G. K. Y. 2008, ‘The Relevance and Value of Confucianism in Contemporary Business Ethics’, Journal of Business Ethics 77, 347–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, W. D. 1947, Xiuci Xue Fafan (An introduction to rhetoric). Shanghai: Zhongguo Wenhua Fuwushe. (First Edition in 1932).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, W. 1991, (Ed.), Shunxin Daquan (A comprehensive introduction to letter writing). Shanghai: Shanghai Jiaoyu Chubanshe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chu, C. N. 1991, The Asian Mind Game – Unlocking the Hidden Agenda of the Asian Business Culture – a Westerner’s Survival Manual. New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eunson, B. 2005, Communicating in the 21 st Century. Melbourne: John Wiley & Son.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fei, X. 1985, Shihui diaocha zibai (Statement regarding social investigations). Shanghai: Zhishi Chuban She.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gao, G., and Ting-Toomey, S. 1998, Communicating effectively with Chinese. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ge, J. 2004, Confucianism and Confucian Businessman. Journal of Hebei University, 5, 3-4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghauri, P. and Fang, T. 2001, ‘Negotiating with the Chinese: a socio-cultural analysis’. Journal of World Business 36(3), 303-325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gunthner, S. and Knoblauch, H. 1995, ‘Culturally patterned speaking practices: The analysis of communicative genres’. Pragmatics, 5(1), 1-32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, Z.S. 1952, ‘Discourse Analysis.’ Language 28, 1-30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. H. and Bond, M. H. 1988, The Confucius Connection: From Cultural Roots To Economic Growth, Organizational Dynamics 16(4), 4–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoivik, H. V. W. 2007, ‘East meets West: Tacit Messages about Business Ethics in Stories Told by Chinese Managers’, Journal of Business Ethics , 74, 457–469.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, H. C. 1944, The Chinese concept of ‘face’. American Anthropologist, 46(1), 45-64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, W. & Grove, C. L. 1991, Encountering the Chinese: A Guide for Americans. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyland, K. 1998, ‘Exploring corporate rhetoric: Metadiscourse in the CEOs letter’, Journal of Business Communication, 35(2), 224–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kit-Chun, J. L. 2003, Confucian Business Ethics and the Economy, Journal of Business Ethics, 43, 153–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koehn, D. 2001, Confucian Trustworthiness and the Practice of Business in China. Business Ethics Quarterly, 11(3), 415–429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lave, J. and Wenger, E. 1991, Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leech, G. 1983, Principles of Pragmatics. New York: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leung, T. K. P. and Wong, Y. H. 2001, ‘The Ethics and Positioning of Guanxi in China’, Marketing Intelligence & Planning 19(1), 55-64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, X. 1996, “Good Writing” in Cross-Cultural Context. Albany: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu, P., Zhang, Y. and He, S. 1993, (Eds.), Waimao yu shangmao yingyong wushu yuedu xiezuo 200 ti (Two hundred topics on reading and writing skills of practical documents in business and international business). Guangzhou: Zhongshan Daxue Chubanshe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luo, Y. 2007, Guanxi and Business. 2nd Edition. Singapore: World Scientific.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacIntyre, A. 1996, After Virtue, a Study in Moral Theory. Second Edition. London: Duckwoth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miao, Z. (2005). ‘lu rujia jingji luli sixiang yu xin rushang de jiazhi quxiang, (Confucian Economic Ethics and Value Direction of Neo-Confucian Businessman)’. Contemporary Economics and Management 27, 5, 56-59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, C. R. 1984, ‘Genre as Social Action’. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 70, 151-167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nill, A. and Schibrowsky, J. A: 2007, ‘Research on Marketing Ethics: A Systematic Review of the Literature, Journal of Macromarketing, 27, 256-273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orlikowski, W. and Yates, J. 1994, ‘Genre Repertoire: The Structuring of Communicative Practices in Organizations’. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39, 541-574.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paik, Y. and Tung. R. L. 1999, ‘Negotiating with East Asians: How to Attain “Win-win” Outcomes’, Management International Review 39(2), 103-122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pan, Y.: 2000, ‘Facework in Chinese Service Encounters’, Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 10(1), 25–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Searle, J. R. 1969, Speech acts: an essay in the philosophy of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheer, V. C. and Chen, L. 2003, ‘Successful Sino-Western business negotiation: participants’ accounts of national and professional cultures’. The Journal of Business Communication 40(1), 50-85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shih, W. Y. C. (trans.): 1959, The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons. By Liu Xie. New York: Columbia University Press

  • Solomon, R. 1992, ‘Corporate Roles, Personal Virtues: An Aristotelean Approach to Business Ethics’. Business Ethics Quarterly 2(3), 317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Su, C. and Littlefield, J. E. 2001, ‘Entering Guanxi: A Business Ethical Dilemma in Mainland China?’. Journal of Business Ethics 33: 199–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swales, J.: 1990, Genre Analysis: English in Academic and Research Settings (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge)

  • Ulijn, J., Rutkowski, A. F., Kumar, R. and Zhu, Y. 2005, ‘Patterns of feelings in face-to-face negotiation: A Sino-Dutch pilot study’. Cross-cultural Management: An International Journal, 15(3), 103-118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Dijk, T.A. 1997a, (Ed), Discourse as Structure and Process. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Dijk, T.A. 1997b, (Ed), Discourse as Social Interaction. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whysall, P. 2000, ‘Marketing ethics – An overview’, The Marketing Review 1(2), 175–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wine, W. A. 2008, ‘Seven pillars of business ethics: Toward a comprehensive framework’, Journal of Business Ethics 79, 483–499.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, Y. 1997, ‘A Rhetorical Analysis of Chinese Sales Letters’. Text, 17(4), 543-566.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, Y. 2008, ‘From Cultural Adaptation to Cross-Cultural Discursive Competence’. Discourse and Communication 2(2), 185-205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, Y. and P. Thompson: 2000, ‘Invitation or Sexual Harassment? An Analysis of an Intercultural Communication Breakdown’, M/C – A Journal of Media and Culture 3(4), http://www.media-culture.org.au/0008/invitation.html

  • Zhu, Y., McKenna, B. and Sun, Z. 2007, ‘Negotiating with the Chinese: Success of Initial Meetings is the Key’, Cross-cultural Management: An International Journal, 14(4), 354-364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, Y. and Zhang, A. M. 2007, ‘Understanding Guanxi (connections) through Business Leaders’ Perspectives’, Business Communication Quarterly, 70(3), 385-389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhuge, R. and Chen, X. 1994, (Eds.), Duewai Maoyi Wenshu Xiezuo (Practical writings in foreign trade). Beijing: Renmin Daxue Chubanshe.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yunxia Zhu.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Zhu, Y. Confucian Ethics Exhibited in the Discourse of Chinese Business and Marketing Communication. J Bus Ethics 88 (Suppl 3), 517–528 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0299-2

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0299-2

Key words

Navigation