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Neuronal Networks in West Syndrome as Revealed by Source Analysis and Renormalized Partial Directed Coherence

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Abstract

West syndrome is a severe epileptic encephalopathy of infancy with a poor developmental outcome. This syndrome is associated with the pathognomonic EEG feature of hypsarrhythmia. The aim of the study was to describe neuronal networks underlying hypsarrhythmia using the source analysis method (dynamic imaging of coherent sources or DICS) which represents an inverse solution algorithm in the frequency domain. In order to investigate the interaction within the detected network, a renormalized partial directed coherence (RPDC) method was also applied as a measure of the directionality of information flow between the source signals. Both DICS and RPDC were performed for EEG delta activity (1–4 Hz) in eight patients with West syndrome and in eight patients with partial epilepsies (control group). The brain area with the strongest power in the given frequency range was defined as the reference region. The coherence between this reference region and the entire brain was computed using DICS. After that, the RPDC was applied to the source signals estimated by DICS. The results of electrical source imaging were compared to results of a previous EEG-fMRI study which had been carried out using the same cohort of patients. As revealed by DICS, delta activity in hypsarrhythmia was associated with coherent sources in the occipital cortex (main source) as well as the parietal cortex, putamen, caudate nucleus and brainstem. In patients with partial epilepsies, delta activity could be attributed to sources in the occipital, parietal and sensory-motor cortex. In West syndrome, RPDC showed the strongest and most significant direction of ascending information flow from the brainstem towards the putamen and cerebral cortex. The neuronal network underlying hypsarrhythmia in this study resembles the network which was described in previous EEG-fMRI and PET studies with involvement of the brainstem, putamen and cortical regions in the generation of hypsarrhythmia. The RPDC suggests that brainstem could have a key role in the pathogenesis of West syndrome. This study supports the theory that hypsarrhythmia results from ascending brainstem pathways that project widely to basal ganglia and cerebral cortex.

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Acknowledgments

We are very grateful patients, parents and colleagues who contributed to the study. The funding for the study was provided by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). The study was conducted in the frames of D3 and D2 subproject of Sonderforschungsbereich (SFB) 855.

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None of the authors has any conflict of interest to disclose.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neuropediatrics, Pediatric Hospital, Christian-Albrechts-University, Schwanenweg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany

    Natia Japaridze, Friederike Moeller, Rainer Boor, Urlich Stephani & Michael Siniatchkin

  2. Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany

    Muthuraman Muthuraman, Abdul Rauf Anwar, Günther Deuschl & Jan Raethjen

  3. Northern German Epilepsy Centre for Children and Adolescents, Schwentinental/OT Raisdorf, Kiel, Germany

    Rainer Boor & Urlich Stephani

  4. Digital Signal Processing and System Theory, CAU, Kiel, Germany

    Abdul Rauf Anwar

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  1. Natia Japaridze
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  2. Muthuraman Muthuraman
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Correspondence to Natia Japaridze.

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J. Natia and M. Muthuraman have contributed equally to this study.

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Japaridze, N., Muthuraman, M., Moeller, F. et al. Neuronal Networks in West Syndrome as Revealed by Source Analysis and Renormalized Partial Directed Coherence. Brain Topogr 26, 157–170 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10548-012-0245-y

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