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The spectrum of pyruvate oxidation defects in the diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease

Abstract

Pyruvate oxidation defects (PODs) are among the most frequent causes of deficiencies in the mitochondrial energy metabolism and represent a substantial subset of classical mitochondrial diseases. PODs are not only caused by deficiency of subunits of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) but also by various disorders recently described in the whole pyruvate oxidation route including cofactors, regulation of PDHC and the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier. Our own patients from 2000 to July 2014 and patients identified by a systematic survey of the literature from 1970 to July 2014 with a pyruvate oxidation disorder and a genetically proven defect were included in the study (n=628). Of these defects 74.2% (n=466) belong to PDHC subunits, 24.5% (n=154) to cofactors, 0.5% (n=3) to PDHC regulation and 0.8% (n=5) to mitochondrial pyruvate import. PODs are underestimated in the field of mitochondrial diseases because not all diagnostic centres include biochemical investigations of PDHC in their routine analysis. Cofactor and transport defects can be missed, if pyruvate oxidation is not measured in intact mitochondria routinely. Furthermore deficiency of the X-chromosomal PDHA1 can be biochemically missed depending on the X-inactivation pattern. This is reflected by an increasing number of patients diagnosed recently by genetic high throughput screening approaches. PDHC deficiency including regulation and import affect mainly the glucose dependent central and peripheral nervous system and skeletal muscle. PODs with combined enzyme defects affect also other organs like heart, lung and liver. The spectrum of clinical presentation of PODs is still expanding. PODs are a therapeutically interesting group of mitochondrial diseases since some can be bypassed by ketogenic diet or treated by cofactor supplementation. PDHC kinase inhibition, chaperone therapy and PGC1α stimulation is still a matter of further investigations.

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Acknowledgments

Supported by the E-Rare project GENOMIT (FWF I 920-B13 for W.S. and 01GM1207 for H.P.) and the Vereinigung zur Förderung Pädiatrischer Forschung und Fortbildung Salzburg.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Paediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, SALK Salzburg, Salzburg, 5020, Austria

    Wolfgang Sperl, Leanne Fleuren, René G. Feichtinger, Franz A. Zimmermann, Johannes Koch & Johannes A. Mayr

  2. Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders at the Department of Paediatrics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Leanne Fleuren, Richard J. Rodenburg & Jan A. Smeitink

  3. Department of Paediatrics, Kreisklinikum Reutlingen, Reutlingen, 72764, Germany

    Peter Freisinger

  4. Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany

    Tobias B. Haack & Holger Prokisch

  5. Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, 81675, Germany

    Tobias B. Haack & Holger Prokisch

  6. Secció d’Errors Congènits del Metabolisme, Servei de Bioquímica I Genètica Molecular, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, CIBERER, C/Mejía Lequerica s/n, Barcelona, 08028, Spain

    Antonia Ribes

  7. Metabolism & Genetics Group, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal

    Isabel Rivera

  8. Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal

    Isabel Rivera

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  1. Wolfgang Sperl
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  2. Leanne Fleuren
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  3. Peter Freisinger
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Correspondence to Wolfgang Sperl.

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Communicated by: Garry Brown

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Sperl, W., Fleuren, L., Freisinger, P. et al. The spectrum of pyruvate oxidation defects in the diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis 38, 391–403 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10545-014-9787-3

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