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White on green: under-snow microbial processes and trace gas fluxes through snow, Niwot Ridge, Colorado Front Range

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Abstract

The importance of snow and related cryospheric processes as an ecological factor has been recognized since at least the beginning of the twentieth century. Even today, however, many observations remain anecdotal. The research to date on cold-lands ecosystems results in scientists being unable to evaluate to what extent changes in the cryosphere will be characterized by abrupt changes in local and global biogeochemical cycles, and how these changes in seasonality may affect the rates and timing of key ecological processes. Studies of gas exchanges through snow have revealed that snow plays an important role in modulating wintertime soil biogeochemical processes, and that these can be the driving processes for gas exchange at the snow surface. Previous research has primarily focused on carbon dioxide, and resulted from episodic experiments at a number of snow-covered sites. Here we report new insights from several field sites on Niwot Ridge in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, including a dedicated snow gas flux research facility established at the 3340 m Soddie site. A novel in situ experimental system was developed at this site to continuously sample trace gases from above and within the snowpack for the duration of seasonal snow cover. The suite of chemical species investigated includes carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone, and volatile inorganic and organic gases. Wintertime measurements have been supplemented by soil chamber experiments and eddy covariance measurements to allow assessment of the contribution of wintertime fluxes to annual biogeochemical budgets. This research has resulted in a plethora of new insight into the physics of gas transport through the snowpack, and the magnitude and the chemical and biogeochemical processes that control fluxes at the soil-snowpack and the snow-atmosphere interface. This article provides an overview of the history and evolution of this research, and highlights the findings from the ten articles that constitute this special issue.

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Acknowledgments

Primary support for this research came from a National Science Foundation grant to the Niwot Ridge Long-Term Ecological Research program (Award DEB-0423662). Logistical support was provided by the Institute of Arctic and Alpine’s Mountain Research Station. Construction of the Soddie underground laboratory was supported by the US Army Research Office. Snowpit sampling was conducted in large part by undergraduate interns in Snow Hydrology (Geography 3912) under direction of the Niwot Ridge LTER field staff. Many thanks to Matthew Sturm, who inspired our title “White on Green”, based on his research investigating climate, shrub, and snow interactions in the Arctic.

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  1. Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado at Boulder, UCB 450, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA

    Mark W. Williams & Detlev Helmig

  2. Department of Geography, University of Colorado at Boulder, UCB 260, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA

    Mark W. Williams & Peter Blanken

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  1. Mark W. Williams
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  2. Detlev Helmig
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Correspondence to Mark W. Williams.

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Williams, M.W., Helmig, D. & Blanken, P. White on green: under-snow microbial processes and trace gas fluxes through snow, Niwot Ridge, Colorado Front Range. Biogeochemistry 95, 1–12 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-009-9330-z

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