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Population genetic analyses of complex global insect invasions in managed landscapes: a Leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera) case study

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Abstract

Increased rates of movement and the accumulation of insects establishing outside their native range is leading to the ‘global homogenization’ of agricultural and forestry pests. We use an invasive wasp, Leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), as a case study to highlight the rapid and complex nature of these global invasions and how they can complicate management options. To trace the invasion history of L. invasa globally, we characterised the genetic diversity within and between populations from its origin and invaded regions using mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Three mitochondrial Haplogroups were identified, of which two are likely different species that appear to have been independently introduced into different parts of the world. One type (Mitochondrial Haplogroup 1) occurs globally, and is the exclusive type found in Europe, the Middle East, South America and most of Africa. The second type (Mitochondrial Haplogroup 2) co-occurs with the first-type in Laos, South Africa, Thailand and Vietnam, while a third type (Mitochondrial Haplogroup 3) occurs exclusively in Australia, its native range. The distinction of the two invasive Haplogroups was supported by analysis of newly developed simple sequence repeat (microsatellite) markers in populations from 13 countries. Further analyses using clustering methods and approximate Bayesian computation suggested the occurrence of hybridisation in the Laos population and revealed that an unsampled population was the origin of Mitochondrial Haplogroup 1. The analyses also showed little genetic differentiation within the invasive populations, suggesting a limited original introduction from a very small population followed by rapid, global range expansion in a stepwise fashion. Results of this study should provide some guidelines for characterizing invasion pathways of new invasive insect pests.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the following individuals for supplying specimens without which this study would not have been possible: Dr. Philip Nyeko, Dr. Zvi Mendel, Dr. Eston Mutitu, Prof. Jolanda Roux, Dr. Orlando Campolo, Ms. Titiporn Saimanee, Dr. John LaSalle, Ms. Nicole Fisher, Prof. Stefan Neser and Dr. Carlos Wilcken. We are grateful to Mrs. Alisa Postma Smidt for assembling the L. invasa genome, Dr. Irene Barnes for assistance with microsatellite development as well as to Mrs. Renate Zipfel and Dr. Kerry Reid for valuable discussions and assistance with microsatellite scoring. Members of the Tree Protection Co-operative Programme (TPCP), the THRIP Initiative of the Department of Trade and Industry and the National Research Foundation (NRF) (NRF Grant Number 88227) are acknowledged for providing funding.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Cnr of Lynnwood and University Roads, Hatfield, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa

    G. Dittrich-Schröder, B. P. Hurley & M. J. Wingfield

  2. Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Cnr of Lynnwood and University Roads, Hatfield, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa

    T. B. Hoareau & M. J. Wingfield

  3. Forest Industries Research Centre, The University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia

    S. Lawson & H. F. Nahrung

  4. Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Cnr of Lynnwood and University Roads, Hatfield, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa

    B. Slippers

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  1. G. Dittrich-Schröder
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Contributions

GDS, TBH, BS, BH and MJW designed research; GDS performed research; GDS, BS and TBH analysed data; BPH, MJW, SL and HFN provided material and contributed to interpretation of the results; all authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to G. Dittrich-Schröder.

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Dittrich-Schröder, G., Hoareau, T.B., Hurley, B.P. et al. Population genetic analyses of complex global insect invasions in managed landscapes: a Leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera) case study. Biol Invasions 20, 2395–2420 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-018-1709-0

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