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Response of soil bacterial communities to secondary compounds released from Eupatorium adenophorum

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Abstract

Exotic plant species can benefit from altering soil microbial communities; however, the knowledge of the mechanisms through which this occurs is limited. The exotic species, Eupatorium adenophorum is a perennial plant that is aggressively invading southern China. Its invasiveness is attributed partially to its ability to release secondary chemicals that affect native plant species. Nevertheless, their effect on soil bacterial communities has rarely been explored. Here, we used natural fresh leaf and root leachate of E. adenophorum, and two pure, phytotoxic chemicals amorpha-4,7(11)-dien-8-one, and 6-hydroxy-5-isopropyl-3,8-dimethyl-4a,5,6,7,8,8a-hexahydraphthalen-2(1H)-one to evaluate: (a) short-term (3 days) effects of secondary chemicals on soil bacterial communities in mixed forests and (b) long-term (6 months) effects of leaf leachate on soil bacterial communities in three habitats. Additionally, the composition and diversity of soil bacterial communities were explored with high throughput sequencing using IlluminaMiSeq. In the short-term experiments, all treatments affected soil bacterial communities, but leaf leachate most significantly reduced soil bacterial richness and diversity. In the long-term experiments, leaf leachate altered bacterial communities in all soil samples, and reduced bacterial richness and diversity in soils from the forest and wasteland, but increased bacterial richness and diversity in soils from roadside. Redundancy analysis indicated that changes in bacterial communities were associated with soil organic carbon, nitrogen content, and pH. These results indicate that the water-dissoluble secondary chemicals of E. adenophorum, especially from its leaves, have an impact on soil bacterial communities, though the degree of the impact depends on soil ecotype.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the Public Technical Service Center of Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences for analyzing soil chemical properties. This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Nos. 31300466 and 31100410), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20130461), Jiangsu Overseas Research &Training Program for University Prominent Young & Middle-aged Teachers and Presidents, the West Light Foundation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences 135 program (XTBG-T01, F01).

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, Jiangsu, China

      Xunzhi Zhu

    2. Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA

      Xunzhi Zhu

    3. Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China

      Yangping Li

    4. College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China

      Yulong Feng

    5. State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China

      Keping Ma

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    1. Xunzhi Zhu
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    Correspondence to Yangping Li or Keping Ma.

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    Xunzhi Zhu and Yangping Li have contributed equally to this work.

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    Fig. S1

    Average relative abundance of bacterial phylum in soils with pre-treatment (BT), the addition of DTD, HHO, leaf leachate (LL), root leachate (RL),and control (CK) treatments. Bars represent means ± SE, n=3. (DOCX 119 kb)

    Fig. S2

    Average relative abundance of bacterial phylum in before and after the addition of water (control) and the addition of leaf leachate of E. adenophorum in in soils from forest, roadside and wasteland habitats. Letters “F,” “R,” and “W” indicate soils from forest, roadside and wasteland habitats. Letters “B,” “AC,” and “T” indicate before treatment, control, and the addition of leaf leachate of E. adenophorum treatments. (DOCX 226 kb)

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    Zhu, X., Li, Y., Feng, Y. et al. Response of soil bacterial communities to secondary compounds released from Eupatorium adenophorum. Biol Invasions 19, 1471–1481 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1371-y

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