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Identities and distributions of the co-invading ectomycorrhizal fungal symbionts of exotic pines in the Hawaiian Islands

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Abstract

Pine species have become invasive throughout the globe and threaten to replace native biota. The threat of pine invasion is particularly pressing in parts of the tropics where there are no native pines. The factors that govern pine invasion are not often well understood. However, key to pine survival is an obligate and mutualistic interaction with ectomycorrhizal fungi. Thus for pines to successfully invade new habitats compatible ectomycorrhizal fungi must already be present, or be co-introduced. The purpose of this study was to examine the community structure of non-native ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with pine invasions in the Hawaiian Islands. To accomplish this we executed a field and greenhouse study and used a molecular ecology approach to identify the fungi associating with invasive pines in Hawai‘i. We show that: (1) ectomycorrhizal fungal species richness in non-native pine plantations is far less than what is found in pine’s native range, (2) there was a significant decrease in average ectomycorrhizal fungal species richness as distance from pine plantations increased and, (3) Suillus species were the dominant fungi colonizing pines outside plantations. The keystone ectomycorrhizal fungal taxa responsible for pine establishment in Hawai‘i are within genera commonly associated with pine invasions throughout the globe. We surmise that these fungi share functional traits such as the ability for long-distance dispersal from plantations and host tree colonization via spore that lead to their success when introduced to new habitats.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Dr. Don Hemmes, Glenn Shishido, J.B. Friday, Mike Robinson and Patti Welton for assistance with locating, and permitting access to field sites. We would also like to thank Kabir Peay and Tom Bruns for their input on our experimental approach. We thank Timothy Chang and Charmaine Doan for their help with the greenhouse and lab portions of this study. Additionally, Anthony Amend, Peter Kennedy, Martin Nuñez, and Ian Dickie gave us very useful comments on earlier versions of this manuscript. We would also like to acknowledge the insightful feedback from three anonymous reviewers on this manuscript. Finally, we would like to thank the Hynson family on Maui who provided a home laboratory and assistance with soil sample transport.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, University of Hawai‘i Manoa, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA

    Nicole A. Hynson

  2. Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9517, Leiden, the Netherlands

    Vincent S. F. T. Merckx

  3. Biology Department, University of Hawai‘i at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili St., Hilo, HI, 96720, USA

    Brian A. Perry

  4. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA

    Kathleen K. Treseder

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  1. Nicole A. Hynson
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  2. Vincent S. F. T. Merckx
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Correspondence to Nicole A. Hynson.

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Hynson, N.A., Merckx, V.S.F.T., Perry, B.A. et al. Identities and distributions of the co-invading ectomycorrhizal fungal symbionts of exotic pines in the Hawaiian Islands. Biol Invasions 15, 2373–2385 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-013-0458-3

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